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Neck Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What is a pancoast tumour?

where does it normally spread?

A

cancers that start in the apex of lung

upper ribs of thorax

nerves in upper thorax and neck

bundles of nerves close to spinal cord

blood vessels that supply blood to the upper limb

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2
Q

what are pancoast tumours normally called?

what type of cancer are they normally?

A

non small cell cancer

squamous cell cancer

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3
Q

symptoms of pancoast tumours

A

may put pressure/ damage brachial plexus

this can cause severe pain in shoulder or scapula

pain in arm and weakness of hand

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4
Q

what is Horner syndrome and what is it characterised by?

A

lesion of a sympathetic trunk in the neck

pupillary constriction resulting from paralysis of dilator pupillae muscle

ptosis: paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris

sinking in of eyeball

vasodilation and absence of sweating on face and neck: lack of sympathetic nerve supply to blood vessels and nerve glands

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5
Q
A

X is for carotid pulse and bifurction to external and internal branches

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6
Q

what bone is this?

A

clavicle

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7
Q

locate: mandible- body, angle, rammus

mastoid process

A
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8
Q

structures penetrated in emergency cricothyroidotomy

what are the dangers in performing this operation on a child?

A

cricothyroid membrane into trachea

small neck can accidentally penetrate oesophagus

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9
Q

structures penetrated in a tracheotomy

A

infrahyoid muscles and isthmus (tissue joining two lobes of thyroid gland)

opening made between 1st and 2nd tracheal rings

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10
Q

what are langer’s lines, why are they clinically important and how are they arranged in the neck?

A

lines to correspond to natural orientation of underlying muscle fibres

  • incisions made parallel may produce less scarring

they run along the circumference in the neck

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11
Q

the other name for posterior triangle of neck

A

lateral cervical region

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12
Q

borders of posterior triangle

A

anterior: SCM
lateral: trapezius
inferior: middle 1/3 clavicle

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13
Q

floor and covering of posterior triangle

A

preverebral fascia and investing fascia

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14
Q

muscles in the posterior triangle

A

splenius capitis

levator scapulae

middle scalene

posterior scelene

(sometimes anterior scalene)

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15
Q

major contents of posterior triangle

A

spinal accessory nerve CN XI (passes deep to SCM)

trunks of brachial plexus ( roots are between anterior and middle scalene muscles)

phrenic nerve

posterior branches of cervical plexus

lymph nodes: cervical, suprascapular

arteries: suprascapular, transverse cercival, subclavian,

veins: external jugular, subclavian

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16
Q

carefree and careful areas for surgery in posterior triangle

A

area above spinal accessory nerve is carefree

area careful is careful due to EJV, subclavian artery and vein, and brachial plexus

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

why is a knowledge of fascia layers important in the neck clinically?

A

tracking of infections and spread of tumours in the neck

finding planes of separation during surgery

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19
Q
A
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20
Q
A
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21
Q

what structures are located in the carotid sheath?

A

common and internal carotid arteries

IJV

vagus nerve

deep cervical lymph nodes

carotid sinus nerve

sympathetic nerve fibres

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22
Q

what happens when there is an infection between investing layer of deep cervical fascia and the muscular part of pretracheal fascia?

Study These Flashcards
A

does not spread beyond superior edge of manubrium

if the infection is between investing layer and visceral part then it can spread to thoracic cavity anterior to pericardium

23
Q

anterior triangle: muscles

Study These Flashcards
A

suprahyoid: stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid
infrahyoid: omohyoid, sternohyoid, thryohyoid, sternothyroid

24
Q

anterior triangle: vascular structures

Study These Flashcards
A

common carotid artery and bifurcation into external and internal carotid

internal jugular veins

cranial nerves: facial, glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus, accessory, hypoglossal (XII)

25
borders of anterior triangle of neck and subdivisions
superior: inferior border of mandible lateral: anterior border of SCM medial: midline of neck carotid, submental, submandibular and muscular triangles
26
rami of cervical plexus
C1-4 deep branch makes up root of ansa cervicalis and phrenic
27
where is the carotid sinus located
in between common carotid and internal carotid
28
superior thyroid artery is a branch of
external carotid artery
29
inferior thyroid artery is a branch of
thyrocervical artery (from subclavian)
30
where does thyroid ima arise from what does it supply
brachiocephalic trunk thyroid and thymus gland
31
what does costocervical trunk arise from
subclavian artery
32
what is the carotid body
small mass of epitheloid cells and nerve endings located above bifurcation of common carotid and next to carotid sinus chemoreceptor organ (detects changes in pO2 pCO2 and pH)
33
where do the jugular veins arise from
internal: brachiocephalic vein external: subclavian vein anterior: external jugular vein
34
what is the atlas
C1
35
what is the axis
c2
36
37
vasculare supply of thyroid gland
superior and inferior thyroid artery thyroid plexus of veins superior -\> IJV middle -\> IJV inferior-\> brachiocephalic
38
why do thyroid gland and lumps embedded in it move on swallowing?
pre tracheal fascia enclosing it moves
39
which nerves are closely related to inferior and superior thyroid arteries?
inferior: recurrent layngeal superior: external laryngeal nerves
40
surgical importance of thyroid ima
small size and exists in 10% of people potential source of bleeding during surgery in midline of neck
41
How are parathyroid glands related to the thyroid? what is their blood supply? why must they be considered when contemplating a thyroidectomy
four glands on medial half of posterior surface of each lobe two superior, two inferior **inferior thyroid arteries** and (superior, thyroid ima, laryngeal, tracheal and oeseophageal) parathyroid veins drain into thyroid plexus of veins during thyroidectomy (excision of malignant thyroid gland)- they are in danger of being damaged or removed these glands are safe during subtotal thyroidectomy becuase most posterior part of thyroid is preserved if removed, patients suffer from tetany- convulsive disorder due to fall in blood calcium levels
42
where else my thyroid and parathyroid tissue be found and why?
acessory thyroid tissue may develop in neck lateral to thyroid cartilage on thyrohyoid muscle pyramidal lobe (extension of thyroid tissue superior to isthmus)- remnants of thyroglossal duct (carries thyroid forming tissue)
43
what is the retropharyngeal space and why is it clinically important?
space between buccopharyngeal fascia (cont. with pretracheal layer) and prevertebral layer alar fascia crosses it permits movement of the pharnx, oesophagus, larynx and trachea relative to vertebral column when swallowing largest and most clinically important interfascial space in neck pathway of spread of infection closed by cranium and carotid sheaths
44
what does the pretracheal fascia enclose
thyroid gland, trachea, oesophagus muscular part covers infrahyoid muscles visceral part does the organs
45
what do deep cervical lymph nodes form
L jugular lymphatic trunk: joins thoracic duct at root of neck R jugular lymphatic trunk: empties into right lymphatic duct at root of neck deep lymph nodes are close to IJV
46
where do superficial lymph vessels drain
superficial ring of lymph nodes at junction of head and neck
47
48
subdivisions of anterior triangle
submandibular triangle submental triangle carotid triangle muscular triangle
49
submandibular triangle: boundaries and contents
between mandibular line and posterior and anterior belly of digastric main content: submandibular gland facial artery and veins
50
submental triangle boundaries and contents
Inferiorly – hyoid bone. Medially – midline of the neck. Laterally – anterior belly of the digastric base- mylohyoid muscle contains submental lymph nodes beginning of anterior jugular vein
51
carotid triangle boundaries and contents
Superior – posterior belly of the digastric muscle. Lateral – medial border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Inferior – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle. contains common carotid artery, internal jugular vein, hypoglossal nerve and vagus nerves
52
muscular triangle boundaries and contents
Superiorly – hyoid bone. Medially – imaginary midline of the neck. Supero-laterally – superior belly of the omohyoid muscle. Infero-laterally – inferior portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. contains; the infrahyoid muscles, the pharynx, and the thyroid,
53
does the internal carotid artery give branches
no
54
what is the main vein of the neck and what does it travel with
internal jugular vein common carotid artery and vagus nerve

Anatomy (9 decks)

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