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Anatomy > Heart and mediastinum > Flashcards

Heart and mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what are the boundaries of superior mediastinum

A

superior thoracic apeture to T4-T5

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2
Q

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum

A
  • brachiocephalic vein
  • arch of aorta
  • thoracic duct (drains between internal jugular and subclavian)
  • trachea
  • oesophagus
  • thymus
  • vagus nerve
  • L recurrent laryngeal
  • phrenic
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3
Q

Compartments of inferior mediastinum

A

anterior, middle and posterior

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4
Q

boundaries of inferior mediastinum

A

transverse thoracic plane and diaphragm

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5
Q

contents of anterior mediastinum

A

thymus, lymph nodes and vessels, fat, connetive tissue, sternopericardial ligaments

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6
Q

contents and boundaries of middle mediastinum

A

boundaries: pericardial sac

heart, roots of great vessel, arch of azygous vein, main bronchi

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7
Q

contents of posterior mediastinum

A

oesphagus, thoracic aorta, azygous and hemi azygous, thoracic duct, vagus nerves, sympathetic trunks, splachnic nerve

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8
Q

boundaries of pericardial sac

A

2-6 costal cartilages, T5-T8

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9
Q

what does the pericardial sac consist of

A

fibrous: continuous with diaphragm - fuses with tunica adventitia of great vessels and attached to sternum via sternopericardial ligaments

stops heart overfilling

serous- 2 layers:

parietal-> lines fibrous

visceral-> lines heart = epicardium

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10
Q

what is the pericardial cavity

A

space in between parietal and visceral containing serous fluid to allow for frictionless movement

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11
Q

where is the transverse pericardial sinus

A

posterior to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

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12
Q

where is the oblique pericardial sinus

A

a wide recess posterior to heart formed by the serous pericardium which covers SVC, IVC and pulmonary veins

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13
Q

arterial supply of pericardium

A

pericardiocophrenic artery and internal thoracic artery branch

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14
Q

venous drainage of pericardium

A

pericardiocophrenic veins, brachiocephalic

azygous system

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15
Q

nerve supply of pericardium

A

phrenic nerves (sensory)

vagus nerve

sympathetic

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16
Q

layers of the heart

A
  1. epicardium (visceral pleura)
  2. myocardium- muscle
  3. endocardium- thin internal layer covering valves and heart
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17
Q
A
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18
Q
A
19
Q
A
20
Q

landmarks of apex of heart

A

posterior to left 5th ICS mid clavicular line

21
Q

landmarks of base of heart

A

mainly LA, T6-T9

22
Q

contents of anterior surface of heart

A

RV

23
Q

contents of diaphragmatic surface of heart

A

LV, some RV

24
Q

contents of L pulmonary surface of heart

A

LV

25
Q

contents of R pulmonary surface of heart

A

RA

26
Q

landmarks of border of heart

A

superior: 2nd LCC-> 3rd RCC

Right: 3rd cc to 6th cc

inferior 6th RCC to 5th L ICS mid clavicular

L: 5th ICS to 2nd CC

27
Q

what does the RA consist of

A
  • pectinate muscles in wall
  • SVC opening: 3rd CC
  • ICS opening 5th CC
  • fossa ovalis: interatrial septum remnant of oval foramen
  • right auricle: muscular pounch increases capacity of atrium and overlaps with ascending aorta
28
Q

contents of RV

A
  • trabeculae carnae: muscular ridges
  • tricupsid valve: posterior to sternum 4-5th ICS
  • tendinous chords: attach to valve cusps (anterior, posterior and septal)
  • papillary muscles: attached to wall and chords
29
Q

function of tendinous chords

A

prevent inversion and seperation of vlaves

30
Q

function of papillary muscles

A

contract before RV contraction tightens tendinuous chords

31
Q

where is the moderator band and what does it do

A

IV septum

part of R bundle branches to AV bundle to anterior papilary muscle

allows for coordinated contraction ‘shortcut’

32
Q

landmark of pulmonary valve and number of cusps

A

3rd costal cartilage

3 semi lunar cusps

sinuses prevent valves sticking due to blood

33
Q

contents of left atrium

A
  • valveless R and L pul. veins
  • L auricle: part of L border contains pectinate muscles
  • smooth wall: absorption of parts of embryonic pulmonary veins
  • rough wall: mainly auricle remains of L primordial atrium
34
Q

contents of left ventricle

A

mitral valve- double leaflet with anterior and posterior cusps posterior to sternum at 4th CC

trabeculae carnae: finer and more numerous

anterior and posterior papillary muscles- larger

35
Q

aortic sinuses

A

right drains into right coronary artery

left drains into left coronary artery

nothing arises from posterior

36
Q

stenosis

A

failure of valve to open fully

37
Q

valvular insufficiency

A

failure of valve to close completely- regurgiation

38
Q

function of cardiac skeleton

A
  • dense collagen- four fibrous rings
  • keeps orifices, AV amd semilunar valves patent prevents over distention
  • attachment for myocardium
  • attachment for leaflet and cusps
  • eletrical insulator- independent contraction of atria and ventricles
39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

what does the right coronary artery supply

A

RA, SA (2/3), AV nodes 80%, 1/3 posterior part of IV septum

42
Q

what does the left coronary artery supply

A

most of LA and LV, 2/3 anterior IV septum, AV bundles, may supply AV node 20%

43
Q
A
44
Q

where is the right recurrent laryngeal

A

crosses under and posterior to right subclavian artery. ascends lateral to trachea to the larynx

Anatomy (9 decks)

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