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Step 1 QBANK Qs > NBMEs > Flashcards

NBMEs Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody mediated cytotoxicity?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils phagocytosing antigen opsonized with antibody

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2
Q

Septic vs cardiogenic shock?

A

Hot (fever/vasodilation) vs Cold (vasoconstriction)

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3
Q

Why can venus blood carry O2 better than arterial blood?

A

Deoxy-Hb is a better buffer of Hydrogen ions

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4
Q

Infammatory cascade?

A

IkB kinase phosporylates I-kB, which releases NFkB which goes to the nucleus

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5
Q

Michalis Menton constant Km equals?

A

concentration at 1/2 of Vmax

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6
Q

Acetominophen toxicity in the liver - Mech?

A

reduction in glutathione

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7
Q

Antidote for pesticide poisoning?

A

Atropine and pralidoxime

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8
Q

Findings in Horners vs PCOMM aneurysm

A

Ptosis, Anhydrosis, Miosis

vs

Ptosis, pupil dilation and eye is “down and out”

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9
Q

Technetium 99m pertechnetate can be used to detect?

A

ectopic thyoid or gastric tissue

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10
Q

Pain if pt resisted abduction of the shoulder when the shoulder is abducted 90 degrees and the arm is giving “thumbs down sign” - injury?

A

Supraspinatous

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11
Q

Pt with right-sided aortic arch, decreased calcium, low-set ears and small chin. Malfomation?

A

CATCH-22. 3rd and 4th branchial pouch

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12
Q

Pt with breathing problems but normal Arterial Po2?

A

Anemia

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13
Q

Lupus - Heme findings?

A

Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia

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14
Q

lentigo maligna?

A

Melanoma in situ

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15
Q

increased compliance vs increased recoil

A

Easier to open alveoli vs increased force to close alveoli

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16
Q

Osteomalacia - affect on PTH?

A

increased PTH but no Ca

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17
Q

Methanol Antidote? Mech?

A

Fomepizole. Reduce action of alcohol dehydrogenase.

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18
Q

Cleft-lip - genetics?

A

Ar

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19
Q

Bosetan?

A

antipulmonary HTN by binding to endothelin receptor

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20
Q

Dystrophin?

A

connects cytoskeleten to ECM

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21
Q

Estrogen and adipose?

A

Estrogen can make adipose

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22
Q

Ammonia comes from what molecule?

A

glutamate

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23
Q

Cocaine - birth defect?

A

Placental abruption and preterm birth, small fetuss

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24
Q

Drug for premature ejaculation?

A

paroxetine

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25
Q

A 65 yo woman with sensorinueral hearing loss undergoes surgical placement of a cochlear implant. This neural prosthesis converts sound energy to electrical signals which results in stimulation of which of the following structures.

A

Auditory nerve endings in cochlea

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26
Q

Mech of pertusses toxin

A

Adenylate cyclase

1) decreases neutrophil chemotaxis.
2) increases lymphocytosis (count over 4000)

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27
Q

Myasthenia gravis - effect of receptors?

A

destruction

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28
Q

Staving for a week - effect on gluconeogenesis enzymes?

A

Still elevated (RBCs can only function with glucose)

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29
Q

Carbonic anhydrase?

A

HCO3 –> CO2 and H2O.

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30
Q

Decreased in HSR III reactions?

A

C3

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31
Q

isolated deficiency of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes. Change in venous blood?

A

Carbonic Anhydrase: HCO3 –> CO2 and H2O.

In RBCs HCO3 moved in and out with HCO3 antiporter. No HCO3, increased Cl outside

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32
Q

What else would you give to someone w/ acute hep C already receiving (a)IFN?

A

Ribivirin

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33
Q

Guy with prostate cancer; Low back pain. Most appropriate drug MoA:

A

Activation of GnRH receptors

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34
Q

Chloride shift?

A

Decreased Cl in venus blood.

In venus blood, RBCs take in CO2, convert it to H2CO3 (via carbonic anhydrase) and send it out to blood via a Cl antiporter.

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35
Q

When is coronary blood flow highest?

A

early diastole

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36
Q

Malrotation of the bowel can present when?

A

Adulthood

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37
Q

Erlichosis - tx?

A

Doxycycline

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38
Q

Cell surface protein involved in recognition and clearence of viral infection?

A

MHC I

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39
Q

Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema? Cuases? Mech?

A

ARDS. Gram neg infection, trauma, sepsis.

Cytokines - neutrophils migrate - capillary leakage - neutrophils damage PSI and PSII cells

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40
Q

Miconozole - MoA?

A

inhibit Lanosterol C14 demethylase active site

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41
Q

16 month old girl who has arm in pronation after her brother pulled her to keep her from crossing the street. Any motion of the right elbow produces pain.

A

Subluxation of radial head.

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42
Q

Anterior horn vs Corticospinal tract?

A

LOWER MN vs UPPER MN

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43
Q

Gram+ that causes UTIs?

A

Saptrophytacus, Enterococcus

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44
Q

Chronic periph neuropathy: enzyme staining shows fiber grouping.

A

reinnervation of mm. fibers by regenerating axons

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45
Q

Mech of tiotropium?

A

ACh blockade at M3 receptors

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46
Q

6 yr old boy brought to er withcoughing, wheezing, and rapid breathing for 6 hrs temp 37.2c, pulse 120/min,RR 44/min, bp 90/60. inspiratory and expiratory wheezes throughout. decreased vocal fremitus. whats most likely dx?

A

Asthma

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47
Q

30 year old woman whose child has Duchenne musc dystrophy comes to physician due to progressive musc weakness during the past 3 years. muscle biopsy shows findings of hemizygous musular dystrophy. which of the following is the most likely explanation for the findings?

A

UNFAVOURABLE LYONISATION (inactivation of good chromosome)

48
Q

Renal stenosis. The systemic hypertension in the patient is directly mediated by a vasoconstrictor that emerges from?

A

Lung (ACE).

49
Q

Michalis-Menton - to determin Km need?

A

Vmax and doses

50
Q

Femoral avascular necrosis - vessel?

A

Medial femoral circumflex

51
Q

Kidney tubule that uses most ATP to resorb Na?

A

PCT

52
Q

Chochlea implant connects to?

A

aditory nerves

53
Q

A 65 yo woman with sensorinueral hearing loss undergoes surgical placement of a cochlear implant. This neural prosthesis converts sound energy to electrical signals which results in stimulation of which of the following structures

A

Auditory nerve endings in cochlea

54
Q

man playing golf exp severe chest pain. tachypnic, tachycardic, pallor/diaphoresis, crackers heard halfway up bases of lungs. Mech?

A

Cadiogenic failure - Increased hydrostatic pressue

55
Q

RF for interparenchymal hemorrhage?

A

hypertension

56
Q

7a-hydroxylase?

A

Synthesis of bile acid

57
Q

Failure of this Fetal process leads to anencephaly?

A

neural tube closure

58
Q

Transplant patient with increased elastin?

A

intimal hypertrophy - chronic failure

59
Q

Aspirin toxicity due to?

A

mito toxicity

60
Q

Renshaw cells?

A

inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord,

61
Q

3 month old boy with hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, lactic acidosis, and hypercholesterolemia 4 hours after feeding; giving glucagon does not increase blood glucose and only worsens lactic acidosis by increasing lactate; what enzyme deficiency is this?

A

Decreased Glucose-6-Phosphatase

62
Q

medical research descriptive study that tracks patients with a known exposure given similar treatment

A

Case series

63
Q

3 yr old boy,severe pain in right leg. Fracture right fibula,H/Obilateral gluteal maximus muscle weakness with 6 month history of intermittent pain in legs at night,cant keep up with others in playground.. best diagnostic tool

A

Creatine kinase activity

64
Q

synovial fluid content RA for c3 , neutrophils, Il-1 and TNF

A

decrease, increase, increase, increase

65
Q

perforated viscus - see?

A

Air under diaphragm on X=ray

66
Q

Ileus?

A

Partial/complete non-mechanical blockage of small/large intestine

67
Q

Site of carriage of staph auerus?

A

nasal flares

68
Q

Variable Penetrance vs variable expressivity?

A

may or may not show up (BRCA and breast cancer)
vs
may present differently (NF1)

69
Q

Residues that get phosphorylated?

A

Serine, tryosin, histidine

70
Q

immunologic strategy from drug ODs?

A

Digoxin. Anti-Dig Abs

71
Q

Schizoid vs advoident?

A

fine alone vs desires relationships

72
Q

Transcytosis?

A

How certain things (IgA, insulin) are transported across cells

73
Q

Drug with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?

A

cisplatin

74
Q

hyperacute, acute, chronic rejection mediated by?

A

Abs
T-cells
T-cells AND Abs (Cell-mediated)

75
Q

Epidural hematoma - can affect what nerve? How?

A

CN III - eye problems via UNCAL herniation

76
Q

Pt with subcutaneous and a father who died of heart attack at an age of 38. What is decreased in this patient?

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia. LDL receptors are decreased

77
Q

Mutation in chromosome 19?

A

Peutz-jeghers

78
Q

Lipoma vs liposarcoma?

A

mature fat cells vs cells that contain non-membrane bound cytoplasmic lipid that shifts to cause scalloping of nuclear membrane

79
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - disfunction of?

A

renal tubules

80
Q

Pt with right-sided adenxal mass and free fluid? Marker?

A

CA125

81
Q

B-HCG marker of?

A

pregancy, mole, chorioCA

82
Q

Metoclopramide - use? contraindication?

A

antiemetic. DA antagonist so do not give to Parkinsons D pts

83
Q

Block blood flow to tissue. What is increased in ECM?

A

K (due to non-functioning ATPase)

84
Q

Female who runs - low what?

A

Estrogen, leading to osteoporosis

85
Q

pregnant pt with DVT - use what drug.

A

Heparin (water soluble, does not cross placenta)
vs
Warfarin (lipid soluble, crosses placenta)

86
Q

HIV pt with white, opaque patches at retinal periphery - MoA of drug?

A

CMV. Ganciclovir. Blocks DNA chain elongation

87
Q

Alchol who has tremors and ataxia - brain area affected?

A

Cerebellum

88
Q

Vascular dementia - affects what part of brain?

A

Subcortical white matter

89
Q

Pt with confusion from alcohol. Brain area?

A

Korsakoffs. Bilateral temporal lobes

90
Q

Isoproterenol?

A

non selective B-ad agonist

91
Q

CAAT box?

A

transcription initiator

92
Q

TATA box?

A

promoter region for transcription

93
Q

Pt with zerosis and fissuring and follicular hyperkeratosis?

A

Vit a deficiency

94
Q

Kupffer cells?

A

specialized macrophages in portal blood that recycle erythrocytes

95
Q

Cells in liver that store Vit A? Function in damage?

A

stellate cells. Can become myofibroblast

96
Q

Prolactin decreases fertility by?

A

decreasing GnRH secretion (low FSH/LH)

97
Q

Drug that binds to 23S rRNA?

A

Macrolides (Chloramphenicol inhibits enzyme(

98
Q

Mech for lactase deficiency?

A

Decreased gene expression with age

99
Q

Cause of tardive dyskinea?

A

upregulation of D receptors after

100
Q

triceps innervated by?

A

radial never (EXTENSORS of arm)

101
Q

eosinophilic inclusions in hippocampus?

A

Rabies

102
Q

Fenfluramine?

A

Increases CNS 5HT

103
Q

Insulin directly stimulates cellular production of?

A

Fructose 2,6 biphosphate

104
Q

Lordosis - what is stronger than what?

A

hip flexors stronger than hip entensors

105
Q

Drug to decreases the secretion of penicillians?

A

Probenecid

106
Q

Drug to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis with cyclophosphamide?

A

Mesna

107
Q

Syncopy - cause?

A

Decreased blood flow

108
Q

Leucovorin?

A

to treat folic antagonist OD

109
Q

Friable, inflamed mucosa in rectum and neutropills in crypt lumina?

A

UC

110
Q

Atreia of eggs?

A

apoptosis with decreased FSH

111
Q

Latex particle coated with B-HCG. Pt puts urine in glass with anti-hCG and mixes with latex. If Pregnant? If not pregnent?

A

pregnant - no aggluination

not-pregnent - agglutination

112
Q

CNS drug with a-ad antagonistic effects?

A

Amitryptyline

113
Q

Only RNA viruses that replicate in nucleus?

A

Flu viruus and retroviruses

114
Q

Fibroadenoma vs cystic changes?

A

poorly vs well defined

115
Q

Carbofusion stains? Drug that affects it?

A

cell wall of acid fast bacteria (made up of mycolic acid)

116
Q

Pontine vs putamen hemorrhage?

A

pinpoint pupils and rapid death
vs
motor deficit

Step 1 QBANK Qs (20 decks)

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