NBMEs Flashcards
1
Q
Antibody mediated cytotoxicity?
A
Macrophages and Neutrophils phagocytosing antigen opsonized with antibody
2
Q
Septic vs cardiogenic shock?
A
Hot (fever/vasodilation) vs Cold (vasoconstriction)
3
Q
Why can venus blood carry O2 better than arterial blood?
A
Deoxy-Hb is a better buffer of Hydrogen ions
4
Q
Infammatory cascade?
A
IkB kinase phosporylates I-kB, which releases NFkB which goes to the nucleus
5
Q
Michalis Menton constant Km equals?
A
concentration at 1/2 of Vmax
6
Q
Acetominophen toxicity in the liver - Mech?
A
reduction in glutathione
7
Q
Antidote for pesticide poisoning?
A
Atropine and pralidoxime
8
Q
Findings in Horners vs PCOMM aneurysm
A
Ptosis, Anhydrosis, Miosis
vs
Ptosis, pupil dilation and eye is “down and out”
9
Q
Technetium 99m pertechnetate can be used to detect?
A
ectopic thyoid or gastric tissue
10
Q
Pain if pt resisted abduction of the shoulder when the shoulder is abducted 90 degrees and the arm is giving “thumbs down sign” - injury?
A
Supraspinatous
11
Q
Pt with right-sided aortic arch, decreased calcium, low-set ears and small chin. Malfomation?
A
CATCH-22. 3rd and 4th branchial pouch
12
Q
Pt with breathing problems but normal Arterial Po2?
A
Anemia
13
Q
Lupus - Heme findings?
A
Hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia
14
Q
lentigo maligna?
A
Melanoma in situ
15
Q
increased compliance vs increased recoil
A
Easier to open alveoli vs increased force to close alveoli
16
Q
Osteomalacia - affect on PTH?
A
increased PTH but no Ca
17
Q
Methanol Antidote? Mech?
A
Fomepizole. Reduce action of alcohol dehydrogenase.
18
Q
Cleft-lip - genetics?
A
Ar
19
Q
Bosetan?
A
antipulmonary HTN by binding to endothelin receptor
20
Q
Dystrophin?
A
connects cytoskeleten to ECM
21
Q
Estrogen and adipose?
A
Estrogen can make adipose
22
Q
Ammonia comes from what molecule?
A
glutamate
23
Q
Cocaine - birth defect?
A
Placental abruption and preterm birth, small fetuss
24
Q
Drug for premature ejaculation?
A
paroxetine
25
A 65 yo woman with sensorinueral hearing loss undergoes surgical placement of a cochlear implant. This neural prosthesis converts sound energy to electrical signals which results in stimulation of which of the following structures.
Auditory nerve endings in cochlea
26
Mech of pertusses toxin
Adenylate cyclase
1) decreases neutrophil chemotaxis.
2) increases lymphocytosis (count over 4000)
27
Myasthenia gravis - effect of receptors?
destruction
28
Staving for a week - effect on gluconeogenesis enzymes?
Still elevated (RBCs can only function with glucose)
29
Carbonic anhydrase?
HCO3 --> CO2 and H2O.
30
Decreased in HSR III reactions?
C3
31
isolated deficiency of carbonic anhydrase in erythrocytes. Change in venous blood?
Carbonic Anhydrase: HCO3 --> CO2 and H2O.
In RBCs HCO3 moved in and out with HCO3 antiporter. No HCO3, increased Cl outside
32
What else would you give to someone w/ acute hep C already receiving (a)IFN?
Ribivirin
33
Guy with prostate cancer; Low back pain. Most appropriate drug MoA:
Activation of GnRH receptors
34
Chloride shift?
Decreased Cl in venus blood.
In venus blood, RBCs take in CO2, convert it to H2CO3 (via carbonic anhydrase) and send it out to blood via a Cl antiporter.
35
When is coronary blood flow highest?
early diastole
36
Malrotation of the bowel can present when?
Adulthood
37
Erlichosis - tx?
Doxycycline
38
Cell surface protein involved in recognition and clearence of viral infection?
MHC I
39
Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema? Cuases? Mech?
ARDS. Gram neg infection, trauma, sepsis.
Cytokines - neutrophils migrate - capillary leakage - neutrophils damage PSI and PSII cells
40
Miconozole - MoA?
inhibit Lanosterol C14 demethylase active site
41
16 month old girl who has arm in pronation after her brother pulled her to keep her from crossing the street. Any motion of the right elbow produces pain.
Subluxation of radial head.
42
Anterior horn vs Corticospinal tract?
LOWER MN vs UPPER MN
43
Gram+ that causes UTIs?
Saptrophytacus, Enterococcus
44
Chronic periph neuropathy: enzyme staining shows fiber grouping.
reinnervation of mm. fibers by regenerating axons
45
Mech of tiotropium?
ACh blockade at M3 receptors
46
6 yr old boy brought to er withcoughing, wheezing, and rapid breathing for 6 hrs temp 37.2c, pulse 120/min,RR 44/min, bp 90/60. inspiratory and expiratory wheezes throughout. decreased vocal fremitus. whats most likely dx?
Asthma
47
30 year old woman whose child has Duchenne musc dystrophy comes to physician due to progressive musc weakness during the past 3 years. muscle biopsy shows findings of hemizygous musular dystrophy. which of the following is the most likely explanation for the findings?
UNFAVOURABLE LYONISATION (inactivation of good chromosome)
48
Renal stenosis. The systemic hypertension in the patient is directly mediated by a vasoconstrictor that emerges from?
Lung (ACE).
49
Michalis-Menton - to determin Km need?
Vmax and doses
50
Femoral avascular necrosis - vessel?
Medial femoral circumflex
51
Kidney tubule that uses most ATP to resorb Na?
PCT
52
Chochlea implant connects to?
aditory nerves
53
A 65 yo woman with sensorinueral hearing loss undergoes surgical placement of a cochlear implant. This neural prosthesis converts sound energy to electrical signals which results in stimulation of which of the following structures
Auditory nerve endings in cochlea
54
man playing golf exp severe chest pain. tachypnic, tachycardic, pallor/diaphoresis, crackers heard halfway up bases of lungs. Mech?
Cadiogenic failure - Increased hydrostatic pressue
55
RF for interparenchymal hemorrhage?
hypertension
56
7a-hydroxylase?
Synthesis of bile acid
57
Failure of this Fetal process leads to anencephaly?
neural tube closure
58
Transplant patient with increased elastin?
intimal hypertrophy - chronic failure
59
Aspirin toxicity due to?
mito toxicity
60
Renshaw cells?
inhibitory interneurons found in the gray matter of the spinal cord,
61
3 month old boy with hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, lactic acidosis, and hypercholesterolemia 4 hours after feeding; giving glucagon does not increase blood glucose and only worsens lactic acidosis by increasing lactate; what enzyme deficiency is this?
Decreased Glucose-6-Phosphatase
62
medical research descriptive study that tracks patients with a known exposure given similar treatment
Case series
63
3 yr old boy,severe pain in right leg. Fracture right fibula,H/Obilateral gluteal maximus muscle weakness with 6 month history of intermittent pain in legs at night,cant keep up with others in playground.. best diagnostic tool
Creatine kinase activity
64
synovial fluid content RA for c3 , neutrophils, Il-1 and TNF
decrease, increase, increase, increase
65
perforated viscus - see?
Air under diaphragm on X=ray
66
Ileus?
Partial/complete non-mechanical blockage of small/large intestine
67
Site of carriage of staph auerus?
nasal flares
68
Variable Penetrance vs variable expressivity?
may or may not show up (BRCA and breast cancer)
vs
may present differently (NF1)
69
Residues that get phosphorylated?
Serine, tryosin, histidine
70
immunologic strategy from drug ODs?
Digoxin. Anti-Dig Abs
71
Schizoid vs advoident?
fine alone vs desires relationships
72
Transcytosis?
How certain things (IgA, insulin) are transported across cells
73
Drug with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?
cisplatin
74
hyperacute, acute, chronic rejection mediated by?
Abs
T-cells
T-cells AND Abs (Cell-mediated)
75
Epidural hematoma - can affect what nerve? How?
CN III - eye problems via UNCAL herniation
76
Pt with subcutaneous and a father who died of heart attack at an age of 38. What is decreased in this patient?
Familial hypercholesterolemia. LDL receptors are decreased
77
Mutation in chromosome 19?
Peutz-jeghers
78
Lipoma vs liposarcoma?
mature fat cells vs cells that contain non-membrane bound cytoplasmic lipid that shifts to cause scalloping of nuclear membrane
79
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - disfunction of?
renal tubules
80
Pt with right-sided adenxal mass and free fluid? Marker?
CA125
81
B-HCG marker of?
pregancy, mole, chorioCA
82
Metoclopramide - use? contraindication?
antiemetic. DA antagonist so do not give to Parkinsons D pts
83
Block blood flow to tissue. What is increased in ECM?
K (due to non-functioning ATPase)
84
Female who runs - low what?
Estrogen, leading to osteoporosis
85
pregnant pt with DVT - use what drug.
Heparin (water soluble, does not cross placenta)
vs
Warfarin (lipid soluble, crosses placenta)
86
HIV pt with white, opaque patches at retinal periphery - MoA of drug?
CMV. Ganciclovir. Blocks DNA chain elongation
87
Alchol who has tremors and ataxia - brain area affected?
Cerebellum
88
Vascular dementia - affects what part of brain?
Subcortical white matter
89
Pt with confusion from alcohol. Brain area?
Korsakoffs. Bilateral temporal lobes
90
Isoproterenol?
non selective B-ad agonist
91
CAAT box?
transcription initiator
92
TATA box?
promoter region for transcription
93
Pt with zerosis and fissuring and follicular hyperkeratosis?
Vit a deficiency
94
Kupffer cells?
specialized macrophages in portal blood that recycle erythrocytes
95
Cells in liver that store Vit A? Function in damage?
stellate cells. Can become myofibroblast
96
Prolactin decreases fertility by?
decreasing GnRH secretion (low FSH/LH)
97
Drug that binds to 23S rRNA?
Macrolides (Chloramphenicol inhibits enzyme(
98
Mech for lactase deficiency?
Decreased gene expression with age
99
Cause of tardive dyskinea?
upregulation of D receptors after
100
triceps innervated by?
radial never (EXTENSORS of arm)
101
eosinophilic inclusions in hippocampus?
Rabies
102
Fenfluramine?
Increases CNS 5HT
103
Insulin directly stimulates cellular production of?
Fructose 2,6 biphosphate
104
Lordosis - what is stronger than what?
hip flexors stronger than hip entensors
105
Drug to decreases the secretion of penicillians?
Probenecid
106
Drug to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis with cyclophosphamide?
Mesna
107
Syncopy - cause?
Decreased blood flow
108
Leucovorin?
to treat folic antagonist OD
109
Friable, inflamed mucosa in rectum and neutropills in crypt lumina?
UC
110
Atreia of eggs?
apoptosis with decreased FSH
111
Latex particle coated with B-HCG. Pt puts urine in glass with anti-hCG and mixes with latex. If Pregnant? If not pregnent?
pregnant - no aggluination
not-pregnent - agglutination
112
CNS drug with a-ad antagonistic effects?
Amitryptyline
113
Only RNA viruses that replicate in nucleus?
Flu viruus and retroviruses
114
Fibroadenoma vs cystic changes?
poorly vs well defined
115
Carbofusion stains? Drug that affects it?
cell wall of acid fast bacteria (made up of mycolic acid)
116
Pontine vs putamen hemorrhage?
pinpoint pupils and rapid death
vs
motor deficit
