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Question 1

Which statement is true? Select the most complete answer.

1- The earth rotates around its spin axis from west to east

2- All answers are correct

3- When viewing the earth from the north pole side, the direction of the earth’s rotation is anticlockwise

4- The ecliptic plane is not aligned with the equatorial plane

Answer 1

All answers are correct

Question 2

What is the approximate length of an equatorial circumference of the Earth?

1- 40,075 km

2- 38,639 km

3- 22,000 NM

4- 21,500 NM

Answer 2

40,075 km

Question 3

What is the shortest distance between 2 points on the earth’s surface called? Select the most complete answer.

1- A rhumb line track

2- A great circle track

3- A loxodrome track

4- All answers are correct

Answer 3

A great circle track

Question 4

What is the approximate angle between the ecliptic plane and equatorial plane?

1- 23,5°

2- 22,5°

3- 33,5°

4- 0°

Answer 4

23,5°

Question 5

What is a great circle?

1- The largest circle that can be plotted onto the earth’s surface

2- Any circle concentric with the earth, the radius of which is equal to the radius of the earth

3- Any circle that can be plotted onto the earth’s surface which is parallel to the equator

4- Any circle that can be plotted onto the earth’s surface which is parallel to a meridian

Answer 5

Any circle concentric with the earth, the radius of which is equal to the radius of the earth

Question 6

At which latitude in March is the civil twilight the longest?
60°
45°
30°
0°

Answer 6

60°

Question 7

What does the local mean time depend on? Select the most complete answer.

1- The time zone
2- All answers are correct
3- The UTC
4- The longitude

Answer 7

The longitude

Question 8

What does the sunset and sunrise time depend on?

1- The longitude only

2- The latitude only

3- The latitude and the longitude

4- The season only

Answer 8

The latitude and the longitude

Question 9

What path does the sun move along on the sky during the morning civil twilight?

1- From 0° to 6° 50′

2- From 6° 50′ to 0°

3- From 6° to 50′

4- From 50′ to 6°

Answer 9

From 50′ to 6°

Question 10

Which statement is true?

1- The international date line at least partially coincides with the anti-meridian

2- The international date line at least partially coincides with the prime meridian

3- If the international date line is crossed from west to east, the date decreases

4- When the solar noon is over the anti-meridian, there is the same date in all locations around the world

Answer 10

The international date line at least partially coincides with the anti-meridian

Question 11

What will be the value of the magnetic course if the True Course (TC) is 221° and the declination (∆M) is 7°W?

228°
214°
207°
232°

Answer 11

228°

MC = TC +/- M

Minus going E
Plus going W

Question 12

Determining the course using the map, we obtain:

1- True Course (TC)
2- Magnetic Course (MC)
3- True Heading (TH)
4- Magnetic Heading (MH)

Answer 12

True Course (TC)

Question 13

What is the value of the inclination at the equator?
0°
90°
60°
45°

Answer 13

0°

Dip (inclination) is:
-0 at the equator
-90 at the poles

Question 14

What will be the value of the magnetic course if the True Course (TC) is 176° and the declination (∆M) is 6°E?

170°
182°
168°
188°

Answer 14

170°

MC = TC +/- M

Minus going E
Plus going W

Question 15

What kind of navigational aid is a river?

1- linear
2- area
3- point
4- radio aid

Answer 15

linear

Question 16

Which course do we get from the map with a protractor?

1- True Course (TC)
2- Magnetic Course (MC)
3- Magnetic Heading (MH)
4- True Heading (TH)

Answer 16

True Course (TC)

Question 17

What does AIP AMDT section contains?

1- supplements
2- general information
3- enroute information
4- ammendments

Answer 17

ammendments

Question 18

At what angle must the parallels and meridians intersect on the map according to the requirements imposed by ICAO Annex 4?

90°
45°
60°
none of the answers is correct

Answer 18

90°

Question 19

Lambert’s projection is a modified projection of the projection.

1- cylindrical
2- conical
3- azimuthal
4- planar

Answer 19

conical

Question 20

Lambert projection has ____ standard parallels, and conical projection has ____ .

-2 / 4
-1 / 2
-4 / 2
-2 / 1

Answer 20

2 / 1

Question 21

DME reading is a ______ .

1- slant range
2- vertical range
3- horizontal range
4- none of the answers is correct

Answer 21

slant range

Question 22

Which Q code is used to determine the true course from the station?

QTE
QDR
QDM
QUJ

Answer 22

QTE

Real Men Eat Jelly

Magnetic ….. From/To
True

Question 23

Which of the following systems share the fame frequency bands?
1- VOR and ILS

2- VOR and DME

3- VOR and ADF

4- ADF and DME

Answer 23

VOR and ILS

Question 24

Which Q code is used to determine the magnetic course to the station?
QDM
QUJ
QTE
QDR

Answer 24

QDM

Real Men Eat Jelly

Magnetic ….. From/To
True

Question 25

Which Q code is used to determine the magnetic course from the station?

QDM
QUJ
QDR
QTE

Answer 25

QDR

Real Men Eat Jelly

Magnetic ….. From/To
True

Question 26

The centrifugal force acting on the earth has ___ the sun’s gravitational force, and points ____ the earth’s orbit.

1- the same direction as; towards
2- the opposite direction to; outside of
3- the opposite direction to; towards
4- the same direction as; outside of

Answer 26

the opposite direction to; outside of

Question 27

Which statement is true? Select the most complete answer.

1- The earth rotates around its spin axis from west to east

2- All answers are correct

3- When viewing the earth from the north pole side, the direction of the earth’s rotation is anticlockwise

4- The ecliptic plane is not aligned with the equatorial plane

Answer 27

All answers are correct

Question 28

With reference to great circles, which sentence is true?

1- A great circle track is not always the shortest distance between 2 points

2- All great circles lay half on the northern, and half on the southern hemisphere

3- Every meridian is a great circle

4- Any 2 points can be linked by only 1 great circle

Answer 28

Every meridian is a great circle

Question 29

What path does the sun move along on the sky during the morning civil twilight?

From 0° to 6° 50′
From 6° 50′ to 0°
From 6° to 50′
From 50′ to 6°

Answer 29

From 50′ to 6°

Question 30

At which latitude in March is the civil twilight the longest?
60°
45°
30°
0°

Answer 30

60°

Question 31

Which statement is true?

1- The international date line at least partially coincides with the anti-meridian

2- The international date line at least partially coincides with the prime meridian

3- If the international date line is crossed from west to east, the date decreases

4- When the solar noon is over the anti-meridian, there is the same date in all locations around the world

Answer 31

The international date line at least partially coincides with the anti-meridian

Question 32

For two points located at different longitudes local mean time ______ and standard time _____ .

1- must differ; must differ
2- can be the same; can be the same
3- must differ; can be the same
4- can be the same; must differ

Answer 32

must differ; can be the same

Question 33

What is the name of the line connecting points with equal declination values?

1- isogonic line
2- deviation line
3- declination line
4- inclination line

Answer 33

isogonic line

Question 34

Determining the course using the map, we obtain:

1- True Course (TC)
2- Magnetic Course (MC)
3- True Heading (TH)
4- Magnetic Heading (MH)

Answer 34

True Course (TC)

Question 35

Declination is:

1- the line connecting points of equal inclinations

2- the angle between the geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian

3- the angle between the compass meridian and the magnetic meridian

4- the angle between the Earth’s magnetic vector and the plane tangent to its surface

Answer 35

the angle between the geographic meridian and the magnetic meridian

Question 36

Which course do we get from the map with a protractor?

1- True Course (TC)

2- Magnetic Course (MC)

3- Magnetic Heading (MH)

4- True Heading (TH)

Answer 36

True Course (TC)

Question 37

At what angle must the parallels and meridians intersect on the map according to the requirements imposed by ICAO Annex 4?

90°
45°
60°
none of the answers is correct

Answer 37

90°

Question 38

The GPS satellite constellation consists of _____ .

24 satellites
12 satellites
6 satellites
4 satellites

Answer 38

24 satellites

Question 39

What will be the DME indication when we are directly above the station at an altitude of 6000 ft?

1- the indication will be incorrect due to cone of silence
2- 1 NM
3- 10 NM
4- 12 NM

Answer 39

the indication will be incorrect due to cone of silence

Question 40

The rotational axis of the Earth runs through the… (1,00 P.)

 geographic North Pole and on the geographic South Pole.
 geographic North Pole and on the magnetic south pole.
 magnetic north pole and on the magnetic south pole.
 magnetic north pole and on the geographic South Pole.

Answer 40

geographic North Pole and on the geographic South Pole.

Question 41

Which statement is correct with regard to the polar axis of the Earth? (1,00 P.)

 The polar axis of the Earth crosses the geographic South Pole and the geographic North Pole and is perpendicular to the plane of the equator

 The polar axis of the Earth crosses the geographic South Pole and the geographic North Pole and is at an angle of 23.5° to the plane of the equator

 The polar axis of the Earth crosses the magnetic south pole and the magnetic north pole and is perpendicular to the plane of the equator

 The polar axis of the Earth crosses the magnetic south pole and the magnetic north pole and is at an angle of 66.5° to the plane of the equator

Answer 41

The polar axis of the Earth crosses the geographic South Pole and the geographic North Pole and is perpendicular to the plane of the equator

Question 42

Which approximate, geometrical form describes the shape of the Earth best for navigation systems? (1,00 P.)

 Sphere of ecliptical shape
 Ellipsoid
 Perfect sphere
 Flat plate

Answer 42

Ellipsoid

Question 43

Which statement about a rhumb line is correct? (1,00 P.)

 A rhumb line cuts each meridian at the same angle.

 The center of a complete cycle of a rhumb line is always the Earth’s center.

 The shortest track between two points along the Earth’s surface follows a rhumb line.

 A rhumb line is a great circle intersecting the the equator with 45° angle.

Answer 43

A rhumb line cuts each meridian at the same angle.

Question 44

The shortest distance between two points on Earth is represented by a part of..

 a great circle.
 a small circle.
 a rhumb line.
 a parallel of latitude.

Answer 44

a great circle

Question 45

The circumference of the Earth at the equator is approximately…
 10800 km.
 40000 NM.
 12800 km.
 21600 NM.

Answer 45

21600 NM

or 40 000 km

Question 46

What is the difference in latitude between
A (12°53’30’‘N) and B (07°34’30’‘S)? (1,00 P.)
 20°28’00’’
 05,19°
 20,28°
 05°19’00’’

Answer 46

20°28’00’’

Question 47

Where are the two polar circles? (1,00 P.)

 At a latitude of 20.5°S and 20.5°N
 23.5° north and south of the poles
 23.5° north and south of the equator
 20.5° south of the poles

Answer 47

23.5° north and south of the poles

Question 48

What is the distance between the parallels of latitude 48°N and 49°N along a meridian line? (1,00 P.)

 1 NM
 60 NM
 111 NM
 10 NM

Answer 48

60 NM

One nautical mile = one minute of latitude

60 min = 1 degree of latitude

1 degree = 60 NM

Question 49

What distance corresponds to one degree difference in latitude along any degree of longitude? (1,00 P.)

 1 NM
 60 NM
 30 NM
 60 km

Answer 49

60 NM

One nautical mile = one minute of latitude

60 min = 1 degree of latitude

1 degree = 60 NM

Question 50

Point A on the Earth’s surface lies exactly on the parallel of latitude of 47°50’27’‘N.
Which point is exactly 240 NM north of A?
 43°50’27’‘N
 53°50’27’‘N
 49°50’27’‘N
 51°50’27’N’

Answer 50

51°50’27’N

240/60 = 4º

One nautical mile = one minute of latitude

60 min = 1 degree of latitude

1 degree = 60 NM

Question 51

What is the distance between the two parallels of longitude 150°E and 151°E along the equator? (1,00 P.)

 60 km
 111 NM
 60 NM
 1 NM

Answer 51

60 NM

One nautical mile = one minute of latitude

60 min = 1 degree of latitude

1 degree = 60 NM

Question 52

What is the great circle distance between two points A and B on the equator when the difference between the two associated meridians is exactly one degree of longitude?

 60 NM
 400 NM
 120 NM
 216 NM

Answer 52

60 NM

One nautical mile = one minute of latitude

60 min = 1 degree of latitude

1 degree = 60 NM

Question 53

Assume two arbitrary points A and B on the same parallel of latitude, but not on the equator. Point A is located on 010°E and point B on 020°E.
The rumb line distance between A and B is always… (1,00 P.)

 more than 600 NM.
 less than 600 NM.
 more than 300 NM.
 less than 300 NM.

Answer 53

less than 600 NM

One nautical mile = one minute of latitude

60 min = 1 degree of latitude

1 degree = 60 NM

Question 54

What is the difference in time when the sun moves 20° of longitude? (1,00 P.)
 1:20 h
 0:20 h
 0:40 h
 1:00 h

Answer 54

1:20 h

Sun moves 4º per minute

Question 55

What is the difference in time when the sun moves 10° of longitude? (1,00 P.)
 0:30 h
 0:04 h
 0:40 h
 1:00 h

Answer 55

0:40 h

Sun moves 4º per minute

Question 56

The sun moves 10° of longitude. What is the difference in time?

 0.4 h
 1 h
 0.33 h
 0.66 h

Answer 56

0.66 h

Question 57

**With Central European Summer Time (CEST) given as UTC+2, what UTC time corresponds to 1600 CEST? **

 1600 UTC.
 1500 UTC.
 1700 UTC.
 1400 UTC.

Answer 57

1400 UTC

Question 58

What DME reading will be obtained by being at 36,000 ft at a horizontal distance of 8 NM from the DME radio station?

10 NM
12 NM
11 NM
13 NM

Answer 58

10 NM

Question 59

What frequency range does the VHF band have?

30 – 300 MHz
30 – 300 kHz
3 – 30 GHz
300 – 3 000 kHz

Answer 59

30 – 300 MHz

Question 60

What is the accuracy of DME P?

< 0,2 NM
< 0, 25 NM
> 0,2 NM
> 0,25 NM

Answer 60

< 0,2 NM

Question 61

How to prevent compass turning error in the northern hemisphere?

1- turning north - stop the turn earlier, turning south - stop the turn later

2- turning north - stop the turn later, turning south - stop the turn later

3- turning north - stop the turn later, turning south - stop the turn earlier

4- turning north - stop the turn earlier, turning south - stop the turn earlier

Answer 61

1- turning north - stop the turn earlier, turning south - stop the turn later

Turning errors:

Northen hemisphere: UNOS
Southern hemisphere: ONUS

Question 62

The ferromagnet is:

1- a magnet

2- a material that contains magnetic domains

3- a material that does not contain any magnetic domains

4- a material that does not exhibit magnetic properties

Answer 62

a material that contains magnetic domains

Question 63

For two points located at different longitudes local mean time ___ and standard time ___ .

1- must differ; must differ

2- can be the same; can be the same

3- must differ; can be the same

4- can be the same; must differ

Answer 63

must differ; can be the same

Question 64

At which latitude in March is the civil twilight the longest?

60°
45°
30°
0°

Answer 64

60°

Question 65

What is the maximum difference between the lengths of the apparent solar day and the civil day?

38 min
16 min
8 min
24 min

Answer 65

16 min

Question 66

With reference to great circles, which sentence is true?

1- A great circle track is not always the shortest distance between 2 points

2- All great circles lay half on the northern, and half on the southern hemisphere

3- Every meridian is a great circle

4- Any 2 points can be linked by only 1 great circle

Answer 66

Every meridian is a great circle

Question 67

Which model of the Earth is approved by the ICAO for use in navigation?

1- The model proposed in 1980 as the World Geodetic System

2- No other answer is correct

3- The model called Clarke ellipsoid

4- The model proposed in 1984 as the World Geodetic System

Answer 67

The model proposed in 1984 as the World Geodetic System

Question 68

What is a great circle?

1- The largest circle that can be plotted onto the earth’s surface

2- Any circle concentric with the earth, the radius of which is equal to the radius of the earth

3- Any circle that can be plotted onto the earth’s surface which is parallel to the equator

4- Any circle that can be plotted onto the earth’s surface which is parallel to a meridian

Answer 68

Any circle concentric with the earth, the radius of which is equal to the radius of the earth

Question 69

UTC is… (1,00 P.)

 a zonal time.
 a local time in Central Europe.
 local mean time at a specific point on Earth.
 an obligatory time used in aviation.

Answer 69

an obligatory time used in aviation

Question 70

With Central European Time (CET) given as UTC+1, what UTC time corresponds to 1700 CET?

 1600 UTC.
 1500 UTC.
 1700 UTC.
 1800 UTC.

Answer 70

1600 UTC

Question 71

Vienna (LOWW) is located at 016° 34’E, Salzburg (LOWS) at 013° 00’E.
The latitude of both positions can be considered as equal.
What is the difference of sunrise and sunset times, expressed in UTC, between Wien and Salzburg? (2,00 P.)

 In Vienna the sunrise and sunset are about 14 minutes earlier than in Salzburg

 In Vienna the sunrise is 14 minutes earlier and sunset is 14 minutes later than in Salzburg

 In Vienna the sunrise and sunset are about 4 minutes later than in Salzburg

 In Vienna the sunrise is 4 minutes later and sunset is 4 minutes earlier than in Salzburg

Answer 71

 In Vienna the sunrise and sunset are about 14 minutes earlier than in Salzburg

Question 72

The term ‘civil twilight’ is defined as… (1,00 P.)

 the period of time before sunrise or after sunset where the midpoint of the sun disk is 6 degrees or less below the true horizon.

 the period of time before sunrise or after sunset where the midpoint of the sun disk is 6 degrees or less below the apparent horizon.

 the period of time before sunrise or after sunset where the midpoint of the sun disk is 12 degrees or less below the true horizon.

 the period of time before sunrise or after sunset where the midpoint of the sun disk is 12 degrees or less below the apparent horizon.

Answer 72

 the period of time before sunrise or after sunset where the midpoint of the sun disk is 6 degrees or less below the true horizon.

Question 73

Given:
WCA: -012°; TH: 125°; MC: 139°; DEV: 002°E
What are: TC, MH und CH?
(2,00 P.)

 TC: 113°.
MH: 127°.
CH: 129°.

 TC: 137°.
MH: 127°.
CH: 125°.

 TC: 137°.
MH: 139°.
CH: 125°.

 TC: 113°.
MH: 139°.
CH: 129°.

Answer 73

TC: 137°.
MH: 127°.
CH: 125°.

-MC = TC +/- VAR

-Course + WCA = Heading

-“Can Dead Men Vote Twice”

Question 74

-

Given:
TC: 179°; WCA: -12°; VAR: 004° E; DEV: +002°
What are MH and MC?

 MH: 167°.
MC: 175°.

 MH: 167°.
MC: 161°.

 MH: 163°.
MC: 175°.

 MH: 163°.
MC: 161°.

Answer 74

MH: 163°.
MC: 175°.

-MC = TC +/- VAR

-Course + WCA = Heading

-“Can Dead Men Vote Twice”

Question 75

The angle between the true course and the true heading is called… (1,00 P.)
 WCA.
 deviation.
 variation.
 inclination.

Answer 75

WCA.

Course + WCA = Heading

Question 76

The angle between the magnetic course and the true course is called… (1,00 P.)

 deviation.
 WCA.
 variation.
 inclination.

Answer 76

variation

VARIATION - angle between True North and Magnetic North

vs

DEVIATION – angle between compass north and magnetic north.
(Ferrous metal (engines etc.) and electrical equipment can deflect the compass from magnetic north)

Question 77

The term ‘True Course’ (TC) is defined as… (1,00 P.)

 the angle between magnetic north and the course line.

 the direction from an arbitrary point on Earth to the geographic North Pole
.
 the angle between true north and the course line.

 the direction from an arbitrary point on Earth to the magnetic north pole.

Answer 77

the angle between true north and the course line.

Question 78

Given:
TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°
What are TH and VAR?

 TH: 194°.
VAR: 004° W

 TH: 194°.
VAR: 004° E

 TH: 172°.
VAR: 004° W

 TH: 172°.
VAR: 004° E

Answer 78

TH: 194°.
VAR: 004° W

-MC = TC +/- VAR

-Course + WCA = Heading

-“Can Dead Men Vote Twice”

Question 79

Given:
TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°
What are the TH and the DEV?

 TH: 172°.
DEV: +002°.

 TH: 172°.
DEV: -002°.

 TH: 194°.
DEV: -002°.

 TH: 194°.
DEV: +002°.

Answer 79

TH: 194°.
DEV: -002°.

Question 80

Given:
TC: 183°; WCA: +011°; MH: 198°; CH: 200°
What are the VAR and the DEV?

 VAR: 004° W.
DEV: +002°.

 VAR: 004° W.
DEV: -002°.

 VAR: 004° E.
DEV: +002°.

 VAR: 004° E.
DEV: -002°.

Answer 80

VAR: 004° W.
DEV: -002°

Question 81

Where does the inclination reach its lowest value?

 At the magnetic equator
 At the magnetic poles
 At the geographic equator
 At the geographic poles

Answer 81

At the magnetic equator

Question 82

The angle between compass north and magnetic north is called… (1,00 P.)

 WCA.
 variation.
 inclination.
 deviation.

Answer 82

deviation

VARIATION - angle between True North and Magnetic North

vs

DEVIATION – angle between compass north and magnetic north.
(Ferrous metal (engines etc.) and electrical equipment can deflect the compass from magnetic north)

Question 83

Which direction corresponds to ‘compass north’ (CN)? (1,00 P.)

 The most northerly part of the magnetic compass in the aircraft, where the reading takes place

 The direction from an arbitrary point on Earth to the geographical North Pole

 The angle between the aircraft heading and magnetic north

 The direction to which the direct reading compass aligns due to earth’s and aircraft’s magnetic fields

Answer 83

The direction to which the direct reading compass aligns due to earth’s and aircraft’s magnetic fields

VARIATION - angle between True North and Magnetic North

vs

DEVIATION – angle between compass north and magnetic north.
(Ferrous metal (engines etc.) and electrical equipment can deflect the compass from magnetic north)

Question 84

The term ‘isogonal’ or ‘isogonic line’ is defined as a line on an aeronautical chart, connecting all points with the same value of… (1,00 P.)

 inclination.
 deviation.
 heading.
 variation.

Answer 84

variation

Question 85

The term ‘agonic line’ is defined as a line on Earth or an aeronautical chart, connecting all points with the… (1,00 P.)

 deviation of 0°.
 inclination of 0°.
 heading of 0°.
 variation of 0°.

Answer 85

variation of 0°

Question 86

Which are the official basic units for horizontal distances used in aeronautical
navigation and their abbreviations? (1,00 P.)

 feet (ft), inches (in)
 Nautical miles (NM), kilometers (km)
 Yards (yd), meters (m)
 Land miles (SM), sea miles (NM)

Answer 86

Nautical miles (NM), kilometers (km)

Question 87

1000 ft equal… (1,00 P.)

 30 km.
 3000 m.
 300 m.
 30 m.

Answer 87

300 m

Question 88

5500 m equal… (1,00 P.)

 7500 ft.
 18000 ft.
 10000 ft.
 30000 ft.

Answer 88

18000 ft

Question 89

Which of the items on the attached checklist are related to the direct reading
compass?
See annex (NAV-004) (1,00 P.)

 “Turning Instruments” only
 “Gyro” and “Circuit Breaker”
 “Gyro” and “Turning Instruments”
 “Turning Instruments” and “Circuit Breaker”

Answer 89

“Gyro” and “Turning Instruments”

Question 90

What could be a reason for changing the runway indicators at aerodromes (e.g. from runway 06 to runway 07)? (1,00 P.)

 The magnetic deviation of the runway location has changed

 The magnetic variation of the runway location has changed

 The direction of the approach path has changed

 The true direction of the runway alignment has changed

Answer 90

 The magnetic variation of the runway location has changed

Question 91

Electronic devices on board of an aeroplane have influence on the… (1,00 P.)

 turn coordinator.
 airspeed indicator.
 artificial horizon.
 direct reading compass.

Answer 91

direct reading compass.

Question 92

Which are the properties of a Mercator chart?

 The scale is constant, great circles are depicted as curved lines, rhumb lines are depicted as straight lines

 The scales increases with latitude, great circles are depicted as curved lines, rhumb lines are depicted as straight lines

 The scales increases with latitude, great circles are depicted as straight lines, rhumb lines are depicted as curved lines

 The scale is constant, great circles are depicted as straight lines, rhumb lines are depicted as curved lines

Answer 92

The scales increases with latitude, great circles are depicted as curved lines, rhumb lines are depicted as straight lines

Mercator = Great circles CURVED; Rhumb lines STRAIGHT; scale increases

vs

Lambert = Great circles STRAIGHT, Rhumb lines STRAIGHT; scale is constant

Question 93

How are rhumb lines and great circles depicted on a direct Mercator chart? (1,00 P.)

 Rhumb lines: curved lines
Great circles: straight lines

 Rhumb lines: curved lines
Great circles: curved lines

 Rhumb lines: straight lines
Great circles: curved lines

 Rhumb lines: straight lines
Great circles: straight lines

Answer 93

Rhumb lines: straight lines
Great circles: curved lines

Mercator = Great circles CURVED; Rhumb lines STRAIGHT; scale increases

vs

Lambert = Great circles STRAIGHT, Rhumb lines STRAIGHT; scale is constant

Question 94

Which are the properties of a Lambert conformal chart? (1,00 P.)

 Great circles are depicted as straight lines and the chart is an equal-area projection

 The chart is conformal and an equal-area projection

 The chart is conformal and nearly true to scale

 Rhumb lines are depicted as straight lines and the chart is conformal

Answer 94

The chart is conformal and nearly true to scale

Mercator = Great circles CURVED; Rhumb lines STRAIGHT; scale increases

vs

Lambert = Great circles STRAIGHT, Rhumb lines STRAIGHT; scale is constant

Question 95

**Which lines have to be used by the pilot to determine the aircraft’s position? **

 True bearings (QTE)
 Magnetic bearings (QDR)
 Relative bearings (RB)
 Magnetic headings (MH)

Answer 95

True bearings (QTE)

Question 96

The distance between two airports is 220 NM.
On an aeronautical navigation chart the pilot measures 40.7 cm for this distance. The chart scale is… (1,00 P.)

 1 : 250000.
 1 : 2000000.
 1 : 500000.
 1 : 1000000.

Answer 96

The distance between two airports is 220 NM.
On an aeronautical navigation chart the pilot measures 40.7 cm for this distance.
The chart scale is… (1,00 P.)
 1 : 250000.
 1 : 2000000.
 1 : 500000.
 1 : 1000000.

1cm = 5 NM = scale 1 to 1 million

Question 97

A distance of 7.5 cm on an aeronautical chart represents a distance of 60.745 NM in reality.
What is the chart scale? (1,00 P.)

 1 : 500000
 1 : 1 000 000
 1 : 150000
 1 : 1 500 000

Answer 97

1 : 1 500 000

1cm = 5 NM = scale 1 to 1 million

Convert nautical miles to cm.. than divide the covented value by the given number of cm on the question

Question 98

For a short flight from A to B the pilot extracts the following information from an aeronautical chart:
True course: 245°.
Magnetic variation: 7° W
The magnetic course (MC) equals… (1,00 P.)

 252°.
 245°.
 007°.
 238°.

Answer 98

252°.

Question 99

An aircraft is flying with an indicated airspeed (IAS) of 150 kt at 8000 ft MSL. According to the rule of thumb, the true airspeed (TAS) equals… (1,00 P.)

 174 kt.
 150 kt.
 142 kt.
 208 kt.

Answer 99

174 kt.

Rule of thumb = Add 2% to IAS per each 1000ft of elevation

In this case…
150kt* 0.02 = 3 —–> 3x8 = 24
150 + 24 = 174 kt

Question 100

Given:
True course from A to B: 250°.
Ground distance: 210 NM.
TAS: 130 kt.
Headwind component: 15 kt.
Estimated time of departure (ETD): 0915 UTC.
The estimated time of arrival (ETA) is… (2,00 P.)

 1115 UTC.
 1105 UTC.
 1005 UTC.
 1052 UTC.

Answer 100

1105 UTC.

1-Calculate GS using flight computer
2-Divide the 210NM by the ground speed value
3-Add that value to the ETD

Question 101

Given:
True course from A to B: 283°.
Ground distance: 75 NM.
TAS: 105 kt.
Headwind component: 12 kt.
Estimated time of departure (ETD): 1242 UTC.
The estimated time of arrival (ETA) is… (1,00 P.)

 1430 UTC
 1356 UTC
 1330 UTC
 1320 UTC

Answer 101

 1330 UTC

kt = NM per hour

1-Calculate GS using flight computer
2-Divide the 75NM by the ground speed value
3-Add that value to the ETD

Question 102

Given:
True course from A to B: 352°.
Ground distance: 100 NM.
GS: 107 kt.
Estimated time of departure (ETD): 0933 UTC.
The estimated time of arrival (ETA) is…

(1,00 P.)
 1129 UTC.
 1029 UTC.
 1146 UTC.
 1045 UTC.

Answer 102

1029 UTC

Question 103

An aircraft travels 100 km in 56 minutes. The ground speed (GS) equals…

 58 km/h.
 198 kt.
 93 kt.
 107 km/h.

Answer 103

107 km/h

Regra 3 simples

Question 104

**An aircraft travels 110 NM within 01:25. The ground speed (GS) equals…

 120 km/h.
 160 km/h.
 86 kt.
 78 kt.

Answer 104

78 kt.

Regra 3 simples

Question 105

What is the required flight time for a distance of 236 NM with a ground speed of 134 kt?

 1:34 h
 0:46 h
 1:46 h
 0:34 h

Answer 105

1:46 h

Regra 3 simples

Question 106

An aircraft is flying with a true airspeed (TAS) of 120 kt and experiences 35 kt tailwind. How much time is needed for a distance of 185 NM?

 1 h 32 min
 0 h 50 min
 1 h 12 min
 2 h 11 min

Answer 106

1 h 12 min

Simply ADD the TAILwind to the TAS to get the ground speed

Question 107

**An aircraft is flying with a true airspeed (TAS) of 180 kt and a headwind component of 25 kt for 2 hours and 25 minutes.
The distance flown equals… **

 693 NM.
 435 NM.
 375 NM.
 202 NM.

Answer 107

375 NM

Simply SUBTRACT the HEADwind to the TAS to get the ground speed

Question 108

**Given:
Calibrated airspeed (CAS): 155 kt.
Flight level (FL) 80.
Outside air temperature (OAT): +15° C.
The true airspeed (TAS) equals…

 155 kts.
 170 kts.
 180 kts.
 134 kts.

Answer 108

180 kts.

Question 109

**An aircraft is flying at aFL 75
with an outside air temperature (OAT) of -9°C.
The QNH altitude is 6500 ft.
The true altitude equals… (1,00 P.)

 6500 ft.
 6750 ft.
 7000 ft.
 6250 ft.

Answer 109

6250 ft.

Question 110

An aircraft is flying at a pressure altitude of 7000 feet with an outside air temperature (OAT) of +11°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals… (1,00 P.)

 6500 ft.
 7000 ft.
 6750 ft.
 6250 ft.

Answer 110

6750 ft.

Question 111

An aircraft is flying at a pressure altitude of 7000 feet with an outside air temperature
(OAT) of +21°C. The QNH altitude is 6500 ft. The true altitude equals…

 6750 ft.
 6250 ft.
 7000 ft.
 6500 ft.

Answer 111

7000 ft.

Question 112

***Given:
True course: 255°.
TAS: 100 kt.
Wind: 200°/10 kt.
The true heading equals…

 245°.
 275°.
 265°.
 250°.

Answer 112

250°.

Question 113

Given:
True course: 165°.
TAS: 90 kt.
Wind: 130°/20 kt.
Distance: 153 NM.
The true heading equals…

 126°.
 158°.
 152°.
 165°.

Answer 113

158°

Question 114

Given:
Ground speed (GS): 160 kt.
True course (TC): 177°.
Wind vector (W/WS): 140°/20 kt.
The true heading (TH) equals…

 169°.
 173°.
 184°.
 180°.

Answer 114

173°

Question 115

An aircraft is following a true course (TC) of 220° at a constant TAS of 220 kt. The wind
vector is 270°/50 kt.
The ground speed (GS) equals…

 170 kt.
 185 kt.
 255 kt.
 135 kt.

Answer 115

185 kt.

Question 116

An aircraft is following a true course (TC) of 040° at a constant true airspeed (TAS) of
180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt.
The groundspeed (GS) equals…

 172 kt.
 159 kt.
 155 kt.
 168 kt.

Answer 116

159 kt

Question 117

An aircraft is following a true course (TC) of 040° at a constant true airspeed (TAS) of
180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt.
The wind correction angle (WCA) equals…

 + 5°
 + 11°
 - 7°
 - 9°

Answer 117

-7°

Question 118

Given:
True course: 270°.
TAS: 100 kt.
Wind: 090°/25 kt.
Distance: 100 NM.
The ground speed (GS) equals…

 125 kt.
 117 kt.
 120 kt.
 131 kt.

Answer 118

125 kt.

Question 119

***Given:
True course: 270°.
TAS: 100 kt.
Wind: 090°/25 kt.
Distance: 100 NM.
The flight time equals… *

 62 Min.
 37 Min.
 48 Min.
 84 Min.

Answer 119

48 Min.

First you have to calculate Ground Speed…
Then calculate time with GS and given distance

Question 120

An aircraft is following a true course (TC) of 040° at a constant true airspeed (TAS) of
180 kt. The wind vector is 350°/30 kt.
The wind correction angle (WCA) equals…

 7° left.
 3° right.
 3° left.
 7° right.

Answer 120

7° left.

ATENÇAO….o drift é para a direita, mas o WCA é para a esquerda!!!!

Question 121

Given:
True course: 120°.
TAS: 120 kt.
Wind: 150°/12 kt.
The WCA equals… (1,00 P.)

 6° to the right.
 3° to the left.
 3° to the right.
 6° to the left.

Answer 121

3° to the right.

ATENÇAO….o drift é para a esquerda, mas o WCA é para a direita!!!!

Question 122

The distance from ‘A’ to ‘B’ measures 120 NM. At a distance of 55 NM from ‘A’ the pilot realizes a deviation of 7 NM to the right.
What approximate course change must be made to reach ‘B’ directly?

 8° left
 6° left
 15° left
 14° left

Answer 122

14° left

Use the 1 in 60 rule!

(NM off track * 60) / NM flown = track error

+

(NM off track * 60) / NM to go = Correction angle

= heading correction

Question 123

An aeroplane has a heading of 090°. The distance which has to be flown is 90 NM. After 45 NM the aeroplane is 4.5 NM north of the planned flight path.
What is the corrected heading to reach the arrival aerodrome directly?

 18° to the right
 12° to the right
 6° to the right
 9° to the right

Answer 123

12° to the right

Use the 1 in 60 rule!

(NM off track * 60) / NM flown = track error

+

(NM off track * 60) / NM to go = Correction angle

= heading correction

Question 124

What is the meaning of the 1:60 rule?

 6 NM lateral offset at 1° drift after 10 NM
 60 NM lateral offset at 1° drift after 1 NM
 1 NM lateral offset at 1° drift after 60 NM
 10 NM lateral offset at 1° drift after 60 NM

Answer 124

1 NM lateral offset at 1° drift after 60 NM

Question 125

An aircraft is flying from ‘A’ to ‘B’ (distance 220 NM) at an average ground speed (GS) of 120 kt. It departs ‘A’ at 1200 UTC. After 70 NM along the course from ‘A’, the aircraft is 5 min ahead of the planned schedule.
Using the actual GS, what is the revised estimated time of arrival (ETA) at B?

 1335 UTC
 1340 UTC
 1345 UTC
 1330 UTC

Answer 125

1335 UTC

-First determine planned fight duration (1:50h)
-Then determine original ETA (13:50)
-Then 3 simple rule (if 5 min after 70NM, then x min after 220… = 15 min)
-new ETA is 13:35

Question 126

Assume calm wind and an aircraft descending from 9000 ft to 1500 ft.
The rate of descent (ROD) equals 1200 ft/min.
The elapsed time will be… (1,00 P.)

 6 min.
 15 min.
 12 min.
 8 min.

Answer 126

6 min

Regra 3 simples

-Calculate total descent ft
-3 simple rule… if 1200ft in 1 min, then 7500 in x

Question 127

Assume zero wind and an aircraft descending from 7500 ft to 1200 ft with an average true airspeed (TAS) during the descent of 105 kt. The rate of descent (ROD) equals 800
ft/min. The elapsed time will be…

 8 Min.
 6 Min.
 15 Min.
 12 Min.

Answer 127

8 Min

-Calculate total descent ft
-3 simple rule… if 800ft in 1 min, then 6300 in x

Question 128

Which answer completes the flight plan (marked cells)?
TC = 179
VAR = 1E
WCA = +6

 TH: 185°. MH: 185°. MC: 180°.
 TH: 185°. MH: 184°. MC: 178°.
 TH: 173°. MH: 174°. MC: 178°.
 TH: 173°. MH: 184°. MC: 178°.

Answer 128

TH: 185°. MH: 184°. MC: 178°.

MC = TC +/- VAR (“East is Least, West is Best)
TH = TC +/- WCA

Question 129

The approximate propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is… (1,00 P.)

 300 000 km/s.
 300 000 m/s.
 300 000 NM/s.
 300 000 ft/s.

Answer 129

300 000 km/s

Speed of light

Question 130

Radio waves within the LF and MF range (e.g. NDB) travel as…

 sky wave.
 sky wave and as ground / surface wave.
 ground / surface wave.
 space wave (quasi-optical).

Answer 130

sky wave and as ground / surface wave.

-NDB (LF / MF) = sky wave + ground wave
-VOR (VHF) = space wave (quasi optical) –» travel through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver.

Question 131

Radio waves within the VHF range (e.g. VOR) travel as…

 sky wave and ground / surface wave.
 ground / surface wave.
 sky wave.
 space wave (quasi-optical).

Answer 131

space wave (quasi-optical).

-NDB (LF / MF) = sky wave + ground wave
-VOR (VHF) = space wave (quasi optical) –» travel through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver.

Question 132

Quasi-optical waves travel… (1,00 P.)

 along the surface of the earth.

 through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver.

 through the air and are influenced (e.g. reflected) by the ionosphere.

 along the surface of the earth, but are absorbed by the sea.

Answer 132

through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver.

Question 133

A VHF direction finder (VDF) can determine…

 slant ranges.
 magnetic bearings.
 approach speeds.
 true courses.

Answer 133

magnetic bearings.

Question 134

**Which equipment is needed on board of an aircraft to use a VHF direction finder (VDF)? **

 At least two VHF aerials
 A VHF radio
 A relative bearing indicator (RBI)
 A VDF receiver

Answer 134

A VHF radio

Question 135

***Given:
QDM: 138°
VAR: 10° E
The QUJ equals… *

 168°.
 318°.
 328°.
 148°.

Answer 135

148°.

Question 136

Given:
QDR: 022°
VAR: 10° E
The QTE equals…

 212°.
 202°.
 052°.
 032°.

Answer 136

032°.

Question 137

Given:
QTE: 229°
VAR: 10° W
The QDM equals…

 039°.
 059°.
 239°.
 049°.

Answer 137

059°

Note that since you’re given “from” but asked to answer “to”,you first have to convert QTE to QUJ by using the radial (-180º)

Question 138

Given:
QDM: 248°
VAR: 10° W
The QTE is…

 238°.
 078°.
 058°.
 258°.

Answer 138

058°

First you have to convert the given QDM to QDR by using the radial (-180ºC)

Question 139

Given:
QDR: 067°
VAR: 5° E
The QDM equals…

 247°.
 072°.
 252°.
 257°.

Answer 139

247°

you just have to convert QDR (magnetic FROM) to QDM (magnetic TO) by using the radial (+180º)

Question 140

Given:
QDR: 152°
VAR: 5° W
DEV: 5° E
The QUJ equals… (1,00 P.)

 332°.
 147°.
 327°.
 317°.

Answer 140

327°

Question 141

***Given:
QTE: 203°
VAR: 10° E
The QDR equals…
*
 023°.
 213°.
 193°.
 013°.

Answer 141

193°

Question 142

**Given:
QTE: 248°
VAR: 10° W
The QDR equals…

 068°.
 238°.
 258°.
 078°.

Answer 142

258°

Question 143

Given:
QDM: 134°
VAR: 5° W
The QTE equals…

 314°.
 299°.
 129°.
 309°.

Answer 143

309°

Question 144

The pilot receives a QDR of 225° from the VDF ground station.
Where is the aircraft located in relation to the ground station?

 Southeast
 Northeast
 Southwest
 Northwest

Answer 144

Southwest

Question 145

The term QDR means…

 magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft.

 true bearing from the aircraft to the station.

 magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the station.

 true bearing from the station to the aircraft.

Answer 145

magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft.

“Real Men Eat Jelly”

Magnetic ….. From/To
True

Question 146

The term QTE means…

 magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft.

 magnetic bearing from the aircraft to the station.

 true bearing from the station to the aircraft.

 true bearing from the aircraft to the station.

Answer 146

true bearing from the station to the aircraft.

“Real Men Eat Jelly”

Magnetic ….. From/To
True

Question 147

A pilot receives a QDR of 135° from the VDF ground station.
Where is the aircraft located in relation to the ground station?

 Northwest
 Southeast
 Southwest.
 Northeast

Answer 147

Southeast

Question 148

A pilot receives a QDR of 315° from the VDF ground station.
Where is the aircraft located in relation to the ground station?

 Northwest
 Northeast
 Southeast
 Southwest

Answer 148

Northwest

Question 149

The VDF range depends on…

 the aircraft’s speed.

 the condition of the ionosphere.

 the range of the ground / surface wave.

 the aircraft’s altitude.

Answer 149

the aircraft’s altitude

Question 150

**Which equipment is needed on board of an aircraft to receive signals from a non- directional beacon (NDB)? **

 Course deviation indicator (CDI)

 Horizontal situation indicator (HSI)

 Automatic direction finder (ADF)

 Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)

Answer 150

Automatic direction finder (ADF)

Question 151

Non-directional beacons (NDBs) transmit within which frequency band?

 Very low frequency (VLF) and low frequency (LF)

 Low frequency (LF) and medium frequency (MF)

 High frequency (HF)

 Very high frequency (VHF)

Answer 151

Low frequency (LF) and medium frequency (MF)

-NDB (LF / MF) = sky wave + ground wave
-VOR (VHF) = space wave (quasi optical) –» travel through the air directly from the transmitter to the receiver.

Question 152

**109 A pilot wants to approach an NDB on QDM 090°. The aircraft flies for about 5 minutes with a magnetic heading (MH) of 095° and the RBI indication of 355°. After 6 minutes the RBI indicates 358°.
Which statement is correct? **

 The crosswind component increased; the pilot has to increase the MH
 The crosswind component increased; the pilot has to decrease the MH
 The crosswind component decreased; the pilot has to increase the MH
 The crosswind component decreased; the pilot has to decrease the MH

Answer 152

The crosswind component increased; the pilot has to increase the MH

Question 153

The pilot wants to proceed directly to the beacon. The wind is calm.
The pilot should follow a QDM of…
See figure (NAV-019) - Compass shows heading 30º and VOR indicator shows TO 230º

 080°.
 200°.
 260°.
 230°.

Answer 153

260°

230 + 30

Question 154

What is the difference between a locator beacon and a non-directional beacon (NDB)?

 Locator beacons transmit more precisely
 Locator beacons have a higher range than NDBs
 Locator beacons transmit on request only
 Locator beacons have a lower range than NDBs

Answer 154

Locator beacons have a lower range than NDBs

Question 155

**The range of NDBs transmitting in the medium frequency range is greatest… **

 before midday.
 at night.
 on midday.
 in the daytime.

Answer 155

at night

N(ight)DB

Question 156

The shoreline effect is greatest with radio wave propagation…

 at a right angle to the coast; aircraft below 6000 ft.
 at an acute angle to the coast; aircraft above 6000 ft.
 at an acute angle to the coast; aircraft below 6000 ft.
 at a right angle to the coast; aircraft above 6000 ft.

Answer 156

at an acute angle to the coast; aircraft above 6000 ft.

Question 157

Fading in LF/MF frequency range occurs mainly…

 in the late afternoon.
 at midday.
 during the night.
 in the daytime.

Answer 157

during the night

Question 158

**The progress of an electromagnetic oscillation can be described by the… **

 phase angle.
 amplitude angle.
 wave angle.
 frequency angle.

Answer 158

phase angle

Question 159

**When transmitter and receiver are moving towards each other…
**
 the frequency varies, but the wavelength remains constant.

 the perceived frequency equals the transmitted frequency.

 the perceived frequency increases.

 the perceived frequency decreases.

Answer 159

the perceived frequency increases.

Question 160

When transmitter and receiver are moving away from each other…

 the perceived frequency increases.
 the perceived frequency decreases.
 the frequency varies, but the wavelength remains constant.
 the perceived frequency equals the transmitted frequency.

Answer 160

the perceived frequency decreases

Question 161

A VOR radial corresponds to the…
 QTE.
 QUJ.
 QDR.
 QDM.

Answer 161

QDR

Radial is the magnetic bearing from the VOR station

Question 162

Full deflection of the course deviation indicator (CDI) means that the aircraft is located
at least…

 2 NM beside the selected course.

 10 NM beside the selected course.

 2° beside the selected course.

 10° beside the selected course.

Answer 162

10° beside the selected course.

Question 163

Where is the aircraft located in relation to the VOR if the needle indicates 210º and the flag shows “TO”?

 Northeast
 Southeast
 Southwest
 Northwest

Answer 163

Northeast

Question 164

The range of a VOR is affected by…

 daylight interference.
 reflected sky waves.
 multipath propagation of the ground wave.
 transmitter and receiver altitude.

Answer 164

transmitter and receiver altitude.

Question 165

124 The distance measuring equipment (DME) determines the distance based on the principle of…

 time measurement.
 Doppler.
 laser measurement.
 phase comparison.

Answer 165

time measurement

Question 166

The DME reading is a…

 ground distance.
 air range.
 radial distance.
 slant range.

Answer 166

slant range

Question 167

The differenz between indicated DME slant range and horizontal distance from the DME station increases…

 when circling around the DME station.
 when descending.
 when departing the DME station.
 when approaching the DME station.

Answer 167

when approaching the DME station.

Question 168

Using primary ground radar, the direction of the aeroplane in relation to the antenna is determined by…

 the pulse pair interval.
 the orientation of the antenna.
 the frequency shift of the received pulse.
 time measurement.

Answer 168

the orientation of the antenna

Question 169

Which instantaneous information can be obtained from ground radar equipment?

 Distance and direction
 Airspeed (TAS) and distance
 Airspeed (TAS) and heading
 Direction and airspeed (TAS)

Answer 169

Distance and direction

Question 170

The on-board equipment of the secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is called...

 course indicator.
 transponder.
 interrogator.
 decoder.

Answer 170

transponder.

Question 171

What is the difference between primary and secondary radar?

 The pulses of a primary radar are variably pulse-modulated,
the pulses of a secondary radar are statically amplitude-modulated

 The pulses of a primary radar are variably amplitude-modulated,
the pulses of a secondary radar are statically pulse-modulated

 The primary radar is displayed on a computer screen,
the secondary radar on a radar strip

 The pulses of a primary radar are reflected by the aircraft’s surface,
the pulses of a secondary radar system are answered by a transponder

Answer 171

The pulses of a primary radar are reflected by the aircraft’s surface,
the pulses of a secondary radar system are answered by a transponder

Question 172

**The transponder code in case of hi-jacking is… **

 7000.
 7600.
 7500.
 7700.

Answer 172

7500

Question 173

The transponder code in case of a radio communication failure is…

 7700.
 7500.
 7000.
 7600.

Answer 173

7600

Question 174

Which altitude is transmitted by the transponder in mode C?

 QFE altitude
 Pressure altitude
 QNH altitude
 Radio altitude

Answer 174

Pressure altitude

Question 175

How many satellites are necessary for a precise and verified three-dimensional determination of the position?

 Two
 Three
 Five
 Four

Answer 175

Four

Question 176

When using a GPS for tracking to the next waypoint, a deviation indication is shown by a vertical bar and dots to the left and to the right of the bar.
What statement describes the correct interpretation of the display?

 The deviation of the bar from the center indicates the track error as angular distance in degrees; the scale for full deflection depends on the operating mode of the GPS.

 The deviation of the bar from the center indicates the track error as angular distance in degrees; the scale for full deflection is +-10°.

 The deviation of the bar from the center indicates the track error as absolute distance in NM; the scale for full deflection is +-10 NM.

 The deviation of the bar from the center indicates the track error as absolute distance in NM; the scale for full deflection depends on the operating mode of the GPS.

Answer 176

The deviation of the bar from the center indicates the track error as absolute distance in NM; the scale for full deflection depends on the operating mode of the GPS.

Question 177

What is meant by the term “terrestrial navigation”?

 Orientation by ground celestial object during visual flight

 Orientation by ground features during visual flight

 Orientation by GPS during visual flight

 Orientation by instrument readings during visual flight

Answer 177

Orientation by ground features during visual flight

Question 178

What ground features should preferrably be used for orientation during visual flight?

 Border lines
 Farm tracks and creeks
 Power lines
 Rivers, railroads, highways

Answer 178

Rivers, railroads, highways