HPL

Question 1

Where does cosmic radiation come from? Select the most complete answer.

1- Sun and galaxy

2- Sun, galaxy and Moon

3- Sun

4- Sun, Moon and planets

Answer 1

Sun and galaxy

-Solar radiation may be constant and random (w/ 11 year cycles)

-Galactic radiation is always constant

Question 2

Which of the following is true regarding the accessibility of engines for maintenance?

1- It is acknowledged in the Shell model because it concerns people interacting with aircraft

2- It is acknowledged in the Shell model because it affects flight safety

3- It is not acknowledged in the Shell model because engine maintenance is not a part of the pilot’s duties

4- It is not acknowledged in the Shell model, because the Shell model only describes the psychological safety factors.

Answer 2

It is acknowledged in the Shell model because it concerns people interacting with aircraft

SHELL model
S = Software (checklists, SOPs, rules, laws…)
H = Hardware (control panel, aircraft design, engines…)
E = Environment (nature + social and economic)
L = Liveware (pilot)
L = Liveware (crew, controllers, managers, maintenance personnel)

Question 3

Which statement describes the International Standard Atmosphere?

1- Pressure falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, temperature falls in the troposphere but remains constant in the stratosphere until upper limit of ICAO ISA

2- Temperature falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, pressure falls in the troposphere but remains constant in the stratosphere

3- Both pressure and temperature fall with rising altitude in the tropsphere and remain constant in the stratosphere

4- Pressure falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, temperature falls in tropsphere and rises in strastosphere

Answer 3

Pressure falls with altitude in the whole atmosphere, temperature falls in the troposphere but remains constant in the stratosphere until upper limit of ICAO ISA

Question 4

Up to what altitude does the atmosphere composition remain constant?

1- 50,000 ft

2- 100,000 ft

3- 36,000 ft

4- 70,000 ft

Answer 4

70,000 ft

78% Nitrogen,
21% O2,
1% other

Question 5

Which of the following is true regarding ozone?

1- It is usually found in mesosphere

2- It consists of a single oxygen atom

3- It consists of 3 oxygen atoms

4- It is safe to breathe in 100% concentration

Answer 5

It consists of 3 oxygen atoms

O3

Ozone layer found in stratosphere

Question 6

At what altitude does air pressure fall to 50% of sea level pressure?

1- 18,000 ft

2- 25,000 ft

3- 8,000 ft

4- 36,000 ft

Answer 6

18,000 ft

8000 ft = 75% of sea level pressure

18000ft = 50% of sea level pressure

27000ft = 33% of sea level pressure

36000ft = 25% of sea level pressure

Question 7

What relative humidity is required for human comfort?

1- 40% - 60%

2- 20% - 40%

3- More than 10%

4- More than 75%

Answer 7

40% - 60%

In pressurized aircraft humidity = 5 - 15%

Question 8

What percentage (approximately) of aviation accidents since the 1980s was caused by human factors?

1- 0.95
2- 0.8
3- 0.5
4- 0.3

Answer 8

0.8

70 - 80%

Question 9

What is the composition of Earth’s atmosphere?

1- Nitrogen 76% Oxygen 23%, Other 1%

2- Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Other 1%

3- Nitrogen 76%, Oxygen 22%, Other 1%

4- Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 20%, Other 2%

Answer 9

Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21%, Other 1%

Remains constant up to 70 000ft

Question 10

Why is Reason’s accident causation model called the ‘Swiss Cheese Model’?

1- Because Reason was a Swiss psychologist

2- Because errors are layered in this model and accidents are represented by holes.

3- Because it was first introduced by Swiss national airlines

4- Because it features holes in multiple layers of error defence

Answer 10

Because it features holes in multiple layers of error defence

Question 11

What is anaemia?

1- Lack of white blood cells in the blood

2- Lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells in the blood

3- Lack of platelets in the blood

4- Lack of vitamin B12 and iron

Answer 11

Lack of haemoglobin or red blood cells in the blood

Question 12

When taking a deep breath, how much air can a healthy male inhale?

1- 3500 ml
2- 2500 ml
3- 1500 ml
4- 4500 ml

Answer 12

3500 ml

Inspiratory capacity = Tidal volume (500mL) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume (3000 mL)

Question 13

What is the percentage of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air at sea level?

1- 14% oxygen and 5.3% carbon dioxide

2- 21% oxygen and 0.4% carbon dioxide

3- 21% oxygen and 5.3% carbon dioxide

4- 16% oxygen and 4.3% carbon dioxide

Answer 13

14% oxygen and 5.3% carbon dioxide

Question 14

Breathing pure oxygen in an unpressurised aircraft at 30,000 ft is equivalent to breathing normal air at what altitude?

1- Sea level

2- 5,000 ft

3- 10,000 ft

4- 15,000 ft

Answer 14

Sea level

-Hypoxia is prevented by additional O2 above 10 000ft
-Above 40 000ft need O2 + pressure

100% O2 at 30 000ft = Sea level ambient air
100% O2 at 40 000ft = 10 000ft ambiente air

Question 15

Breathing pure oxygen in an unpressurised aircraft at 40,000 ft is equivalent to breathing normal air at what altitude?

1- Sea level

2- 5,000 ft

3- 10,000 ft

4- 20,000 ft

Answer 15

10,000 ft

-Hypoxia is prevented by additional O2 above 10 000ft
-Above 40 000ft need O2 + pressure

100% O2 at 30 000ft = Sea level ambient air
100% O2 at 40 000ft = 10 000ft ambiente air

Question 16

What is the aorta?

1- The artery that moves blood form the heart to the lungs

2- The biggest vein of the body, connected to the heart

3- The biggest arteriy of a body, connected to the heart

4- The vein that moves blood from the lungs to the heart

Answer 16

The biggest arteriy of a body, connected to the heart

Question 17

What should you NOT do to counteract hyperventilation?

1- Breathe into a bag

2- Attempt to take a deep breath

3- Speak loudly

4- Breathe calmly

Answer 17

Attempt to take a deep breath

hyperventilation causes decreased pCO2 –> decreased carbonic acid –> blood alkaline

Question 18

What is the leading factor increasing the risk of coronary heart disease?

1- Smoking

2- Hypotension

3- Family history of illness

4- Obesity

Answer 18

Obesity

Leading cause of stroke = HTA

Question 19

Which statement describes carbon monoxide?

1- It is toxic, but easy to detect as it has a characteristic smell

2- It is a harmless, odorless and colorless gas that is a product of fuel combustion.

3- It is toxic as it binds with haemoglobin, blocking it from carrying oxygen

4- It is deadly as it fills the alveoli preventing oxygen from entering the bloodstream

Answer 19

It is toxic as it binds with haemoglobin, blocking it from carrying oxygen

Hb has 250x more affinity for CO compared to O2

Question 20

Humans are most resistant to acceleration in what direction?

1- Positive Y

2- Positive Z

3- Positive X

4- Negative X

Answer 20

Positive X

positive x = accelerating in a car ( X –>)
negative x = braking in a car (<– X)

Question 21

What is the initial symptom of hypoxia?

1- Blue tinged lips and fingers

2- Joint pain

3- Stomach cramps

4- Pain in the forehead

Answer 21

Blue tinged lips and fingers

Question 21

What is the most common direction of acceleration experienced in flight?

1- Positive X

2- Positive Z

3- Positive Y

4- Negative X

Answer 21

Positive Z

-POSITIVE Z (moving down) = blood goes to the feet –> Grey out (2-3G) –> Tunne vision –> Black-out (5G) –> Unconsciousness (G-LOC)

-NEGATIVE Z (moving up) = blood goes to the head –> Red-out –> Facial pain –> SOB –> Haemorragic stroke

Question 21

What is the minimum partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli for an untrained human?

1- 103 mmHg

2- 25 mmHg

3- 160 mmHg

4- 55 mmHg

Answer 21

55 mmHg

Question 22

What is the route of deoxygenated blood in the human body?

1- From the body through the left atrium and left ventricle into the lungs

2- From the body, through both ventricles, into the lungs

3- From the lungs through right atrium and left ventricle into the body

4- From the body, through right atrium and right ventricle into the lungs

Answer 22

From the body, through right atrium and right ventricle into the lungs

Question 23

What is black-out caused by?

1- Positive Z acceleration and blood deprivation of the eyes and brain

2- Positive Z acceleration and blood pooling up in the eyes and head

3- Negative Z acceleration and blood pooling up in the eyes and head

4- Positive Y acceleration and blood deprivation of the eyes and brain

Answer 23

Positive Z acceleration and blood pooling up in the eyes and head

-POSITIVE Z (moving down) = blood goes to the feet –> Grey out (2-3G) –> Tunne vision –> Black-out (5G) –> Unconsciousness (G-LOC)

-NEGATIVE Z (moving up) = blood goes to the head –> Red-out –> Facial pain –> SOB –> Haemorragic stroke

Question 24

Where does oxygen pass into the blood?

1- In the bronchi

2- In the alveoli

3- In the trachea

4- On the diaphragm

Answer 24

In the alveoli

Question 25

What is the cardiac output of an average adult?

1- 5 l/min

2- 50 ml/second

3- 3 l/min

4- 0,5l/s

Answer 25

5 l/min

CO = SV (70ml) * HR

Question 26

What is the route of oxygenated blood in the human body?

1- From the lungs, through left atrium and left ventricle into the body

2- From the body through the left atrium and left ventricle into the lungs

3- From the lungs, through right atrium and right ventricle into the body

4- From the lungs, through both ventricles, into the body

Answer 26

From the lungs, through left atrium and left ventricle into the body

Question 27

What are the types of blood cells?

1- Red blood cells and platelets

2- Red blood cells and white blood cells

3- Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

4- Red blood cells, white blood cells and yellow blood cells

Answer 27

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 28

What is the normal blood pressure of a healthy adult?

1- 120/80

2- 140/60

3- 80/120

4- 60/140

Answer 28

120/80

Question 29

How does smoking affect hypoxia?

1- Smoking does not affect hypoxia

2- Smokers experience hypoxia
symptoms later than nonsmokers

3- Smokers experience hypoxia symptoms sooner than nosmokers

4- Smoking delays the onset of hypoxia but makes the symptoms harsher.

Answer 29

Smokers experience hypoxia symptoms sooner than nosmokers

Question 30

In what unit is blood pressure usually given?

1- bar

2- mmHg

3- Atmospheres

4- Hectopascals

Answer 30

mmHg

Question 31

If you feel alternately cold and hot, dizzy, anxious, tingly in the hands and feet and breathe rapidly, what might you be suffering from?

1- Hyperventillation

2- Hypoxia

3- Cyanosis

4- Anaemia

Answer 31

Hyperventillation

Question 32

What noise level is the threshold of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?

1- 90 dB
2- 80 dB
3- 100 dB
4- 120 dB

Answer 32

90 dB

NIHL = Wear of hair cells (loss of stereocillia)

Factors affecting NIHL:
- Exposure to heavy noise (>85dB) –> max recommended exposure time = 8h
- Duration

Question 33

What does the visual acuity of 6/12 mean?

1- A person sees better than average

2- A person sees worse than average

3- A person sees an average

4- A person sees worse than average at seeing close objects but better than average at seeing distant objects

Answer 33

A person sees worse than average

Question 34

What are rods in the eye?

1- Structural elements that give the eye its shape

2- Light sensitive cells that only activate when there is enough light

3- Light sensitive cells that cannot distinguish colours

4- Structural elements that hold the iris in place

Answer 34

Light sensitive cells that cannot distinguish colours

Responsible for SCOTOPIC (shades of gray) and NIGHT vision

Highest concentration at 10-20º from fovea (best visual accuity in the dark)

Question 35

Where is the blindspot located?

1- On the retina, in the place where the optic nerve enters the eye

2- On the retina, directly in front of the pupil

3- In the fovea

4- In the middle of the cornea

Answer 35

On the retina, in the place where the optic nerve enters the eye

Blue, violet and UV light can cause damage to the retina!

Question 36

Which tones are affected by old age hearing loss first?

1- Low tones first

2- High tones first

3- All tones at the same time

4- High and low tones first, leaving only the intermediate range

Answer 36

High tones first

“High age = High tones”

Question 37

How does colour blindness affect both sexes?

1- It affects men more frequently than women

2- It affects both sexes equally

3- It affects women more frequently than man

4- It affects different colours in men and women

Answer 37

It affects men more frequently than women

Linked to X chromossome –> men are more likey to have disease, women may be just carriers.

Question 38

What colours and types of light cause damage to the retina?

1- Orange, red and infrared

2- Blue, violet and ultraviolet

3- Yellow light from the sun

4- White light from incandescent lightbulbs

Answer 38

Blue, violet and ultraviolet

Question 39

Which statement describes eye adaptation?

1- It takes longer from dark to light conditions than vice versa

2- It can take up to 5 minutes for going from dark to bright conditions and up to 10 minutes when going from bright to dark conditions

3- It takes the same amount of time from bright to dark conditions and vice versa

4- It takes about 30 minutes when going from bright to dark conditions and 10 seconds when going from dark to bright conditions

Answer 39

It takes about 30 minutes when going from bright to dark conditions and 10 seconds when going from dark to bright conditions

Adaptation = adjustment of eyes to high or low levels of illumination (achieved by pupils contraction or dilation)

-Darkness to light = 10 s
-Light to darkness = 30 min

Question 40

When does a pilot need to have a second pair of corrective glasses?

1- When flying in corrective glasses, sunglasses or contact lenses

2- Always

3- When flying in corrective glasses or corrective contact lenses

4- When flying in glasses

Answer 40

When flying in corrective glasses or corrective contact lenses

Question 41

What does Central Nervous System consist of?

1- Spinal cord

2- Brain

3- Brain and spinal cord

4- Brain, spinal cord and nerve endings

Answer 41

Brain and spinal cord

Question 42

What is the EASA’s limit of blood alcohol concentration for flying?

1- 0
2- 0.05%
3- 0.02%
4- 0.01%

Answer 42

0.02%

20mg/100mL

Liver elimination (cannot be sped up!) = 10-15mg/h

Question 43

In what phase of sleep do dreams appear?

1- Non-REM phase

2- Stage 4 of sleep

3- Deep sleep

4- REM phase

Answer 43

REM phase

-REM is the most important stage
-Brain is highly active
-Memory consolidation

Question 44

Food poisoning usually sets in after what time?

1- About 90 minutes

2- About 5 minutes

3- About 6 hours

4- About 30 minutes

Answer 44

About 90 minutes

Symptoms = Vomitting, nausea, diarrhea, stomach pain, anorexia

Question 46

Which of these contain caffeine?

1- Coffee, tea, chocolate, coca-cola style soda

2- Coffee, tea, chocolate

3- Coffee and tea

4- Coffee and coca-cola style soda

Answer 46

Coffee, tea, chocolate, coca-cola style soda

Question 47

***Which of the following substances enter the lungs when smoking a cigarette?

1- Nicotine and carbon monoxide

2- Tar, benzopyrene and carbon monoxide

3- Nicotine, carbon monoxide and ozone

4- Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide

Answer 47

Nicotine, tar and carbon monoxide

Question 48

How long does a circadian rhythm without outside stimuli take?

1- 24 hours

2- 25 hours

3- 50 hours

4- 48 hours

Answer 48

25 hours

Free running = 24h (up to 48h)
In isolation = 25h

Lasts longer when travelling WEST
Lasts shorter when travelling EAST

Adjustment = 90 min /day

Question 49

How can the alcohol elimination rate be sped up?

1- It cannot be speed up

2- By drinking black coffee

3- By taking a cold shower or breathing pure oxygen

4- By drinking black coffee, taking a cold shower or breathing pure oxygen

Answer 49

It cannot be speed up

Question 50

What is barotrauma caused by?

1- By the liquid inside a body expanding when the pressure decreases

2- By the gas inside a body expanding when the temperature increases

3- By the gas inside a body expanding when the pressure increases

4- By the gas inside a body expanding when the pressure decreases

Answer 50

By the gas inside a body expanding when the pressure decreases

Question 51

Which of the following medications can be combined with alcohol intake?

1- Vitamin C, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) and paracetamol/acetaminophen

2- Ibuprofen and vitamin A

3- Codeine and paracetamol/acetominophen

4- Vitamin C and A

Answer 51

Vitamin C and A

paracetamol = Hepatotoxicity

Codeine = breathing center depression

Ibuprofen = Peptic ulcers

Question 52

What is the BMI of a person that weighs 100 kg and is 2 m tall?

1- 20

2- 25

3- 22.5

4- 20

Answer 52

25

kg / m2

Question 53

**

What are mnemonics?

1- Techniques used to improve long-term memory

2- Smallest bits of information that a human can memorise

3- The connections between different memories held in our brains

4- Memory neurons in our brains

Answer 53

Techniques used to improve long-term memory

Question 54

What is a somatogravic illusion?

1- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating

2- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching down when accelerating and pitching up when decelerating

3- It is an illusion of the aircraft being in turn when it is flying straight and level

4- It is an illusion of a banked horizon when in clouds

Answer 54

It is an illusion of aircraft pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating

Accelerating = Feels like climbing (pitch up)
Deccelerating = Feels like descending (pitch down)

Turning = Feels like climbing

Question 55

What is ‘the leans’ illusion?

1- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching down when accelerating and pitching up when decelerating

2- It is an illusion of aircraft flying straight when it is in a prolonged steady turn

3- It is the illusion of a banked horizon when in clouds

4- It is an illusion of aircraft pitching up when accelerating and pitching down when decelerating

Answer 55

It is an illusion of aircraft flying straight when it is in a prolonged steady turn

Somatogyral illusions (perception of turn):
-The leans (30 sec)
- Opposite turn
- Coriolis

Question 56

Which of the memory types fades most quickly?

1- Sensory

2- Episodic

3- Short-term

4- Semantic

Answer 56

Sensory

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 57

What is episodic memory?

1- It is the memory of events from our lives, held in long-term memory

2- It is the memory of events from our lives, held in short-term memory

3- It is the short-term memory of the stimulus received

4- It is another name for long-term memory

Answer 57

It is the memory of events from our lives, held in long-term memory

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 58

What is vigilance?

1- It is the ability to focus on a task or an idea

2- It is the degree of activation of the nervous system

3- It is the ability to avoid distractions and maintain focus.

4- It is another name for attention.

Answer 58

It is the degree of activation of the nervous system

Vigilance = Level of alertness

Attention = Concentration of thought (selective Vs divided)

Question 59

Our perception is .

1- subjective or objective, depending on the situation

2- objective

3- subjective

4- impossible to characterise as subjective or objective

Answer 59

subjective

Question 60

How many items can a human hold in short-term memory?

1- 2 to 5

2- 7 to 12

3- Unlimited amount

4- 5 to 9

Answer 60

5 to 9

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 61

How long does the sensory memory last?

1- 0.1 seconds

2- 30 minutes

3- 15-60 seconds

4- up to 3 seconds

Answer 61

up to 3 seconds

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 62

How long does the short-term memory last?

1- Up to 3 seconds

2- 3 hours

3- 15-60 seconds

4- 30 minutes

Answer 62

15-60 seconds

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 63

What is the smallest amount of information that can be communicated called?

1- A byte

2- A channel

3- A mnemonic

3- A bit

Answer 63

A bit

1 bit of information reduces uncertainty by 50%

Question 64

What is the preferred personality type of a good pilot?

1- Extroverted and stable

2- Introverted and stable

3- Extroverted and unstable

4- Introverted and unstable

Answer 64

Extroverted and stable

Question 65

Which of the following describes the individual reaction to stress?

1- The individual reaction to stress is based on perceived demand and perceived ability and thus differs between people

2- The individual reaction to stress is based on perceived demand and perceived ability and thus constant among people

3- The individual reaction to stress is the same for people of similar skill level

4- The individual reaction to stress is the same for tasks of similar difficulty

Answer 65

The individual reaction to stress is based on perceived demand and perceived ability and thus differs between people

Question 66

In communication, what is a ‘channel’?

1- A symbolic representation of the message

2- A medium that carries the information

3- A way of understanding encoded information

4- The smallest amount of information that can be transmitted

Answer 66

A medium that carries the information

Encoder = A symbolic representation of the message

Receiver = A way of understanding encoded information

Bit = The smallest amount of information that can be transmitted

Question 67

What is the relation between arousal level and performance?

1- Performance increases when arousal increases

2- High and low arousal levels increase performance

3- High and low arousal levels decrease performance

4- Performance decreases when arousal increases

Answer 67

High and low arousal levels decrease performance

Performance is bet just before the breakpoint

Breakpoint = point after which perfomance decreases with increasing arousal

Question 68

What is a leading question?

1- A question that leads to restoring situational awareness

2- A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ““isn’t it?”” or a similar expression

3- A question that requires a simple yes/no answer

4- A question that requires some critical thinking from the responder before they answer

Answer 68

A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ““isn’t it?”” or a similar expression

-Implicit question = open question = A question that requires some critical thinking from the responder before they answer; A question that leads to restoring situational awareness

-Explicit question = closed question = A question that requires a simple yes/no answer

-Leading question = A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ““isn’t it?”” or a similar expression

Question 69

What is attitude?

1- It is a part of personality regarding other people

2- It is the way a person gets motivated

3- It is the broad range of untargeted emotions

4- It is the way we feel about someone or something

Answer 69

It is the way we feel about someone or something

-Attitude = tendency to respond in a particullar manner to people, things or events (only NURTURE)

-Personality = Unique stable psychological characteristics (NATURE + NURTURE)

-Behaviour = Personality + Attitude (adaptable)

Question 70

What does Jen Rasmussen’s model divide human behaviour into?

1- Skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based

2- Learnt and innate

3- Conscious, subconscious and semiconscious

4- Procedural and creative

Answer 70

Skill-based, rule-based and knowledge-based

-Skill based = Automated, routine, unconscious –> Slip errors or environmental captura (habituation)

-Rule based = Procedural, conscious, memorized procedures

-Knowledge based = Errors based on innacurate mental models or perceptions

Question 71

Which of the following statements about an implicit question is true?

1- The implicit question requires a yes/no answer

2- The implicit question is also called the leading question

3- The implicit question requires the respondent to perform some deduction and critical thinking

4- The implicit question is the best way to get information quickly in time-critical situation

Answer 71

The implicit question requires the respondent to perform some deduction and critical thinking

-Implicit question = open question = A question that requires some critical thinking from the responder before they answer; A question that leads to restoring situational awareness

-Explicit question = closed question = A question that requires a simple yes/no answer

-Leading question = A question that contains the preferred answer and usually ends with ““isn’t it?”” or a similar expression

Question 72

Which of the following best describes personality traits?

1- Partially innate, determined by nature and partially learnt, determined by nurture

2- Innate, determined by nature and unchanging

3- Learnt, determined by nurture and subject to change

4- Learnt in early childhood and then unchanging

Answer 72

Partially innate, determined by nature and partially learnt, determined by nurture

-Attitude = tendency to respond in a particullar manner to people, things or events (only NURTURE)
​
-Personality = Unique stable psychological characteristics (NATURE + NURTURE)
​
-Behaviour = Personality + Attitude (adaptable)

Question 73

Which of these is NOT a part of the software in the Shell model?

1-Airlines’ Standard Operating Procedures published electronically

2- ICAO regulations

3- Flight Management System in an aircraft

4- Digital maps

Answer 73

Flight Management System in an aircraft

Question 74

What is the initial symptom of hypoxia?

1- Blue tinged lips and fingers

2- Joint pain

3- Stomach cramps

4- Pain in the forehead

Answer 74

Blue tinged lips and fingers

Question 75

What is hyperventilation caused by?

1- Too high CO2 concentration in blood

2- Too high oxygen concentration in blood

3- Too low oxygen concentration in blood

4- Too low CO2 concentration in blood

Answer 75

Too low CO2 concentration in blood

Question 76

What is adaptation?

1- It is the change of the size of the pupil

2- It is the formation of new synapses

3- It is the change of eye focal length

4- It is a change in sensitivity to a particular stimulus

Answer 76

It is a change in sensitivity to a particular stimulus

Question 77

What is the most common cause of in-flight pilot incapacitation?

1- Gastro-intestinal upset

2- Stroke

3- Heart attack

4- Flu

Answer 77

Gastro-intestinal upset

Stroke and Heart attack are the most common causes of DEATH during flight (not incapacitation!)

Question 78

What part of the spine most often suffers from slipped discs?

1- Neck

2- Lumbar part

3- Thoracic part

4- Cervical part

Answer 78

Lumbar part

Question 79

What is the average length of a sleep cycle?

1- 90 minutes

2- 8 hours

3- 24 hours

4- 45 minutes

Answer 79

90 minutes

1 cycle = 90 minutes w/ 5 stages:
-REM –> brain highly active; dreams; memory consolidation
-Non-REM 1, 2 (longest), 3 and 4

-Average night = 8h –> 5/6 cycles –> with each cycle, REM stage becomes longer

Question 80

What happens in the alarm phase of general adaptation syndrome?

1- Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, muscles tighten

2- Cortisol is released into the bloodstream

3- Fat in our bodies is burned

4- Heartrate increases, pupils tighten, brain activity accelerates, digestion speeds up

Answer 80

Heart rate increases, pupils dilate, muscles tighten

Stress response = General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

-Alarm phase –> Adrenaline, sympathetic response (fight or flight), burn sugars

-ResistanCe phase –> Cortisol, burn fat

-Exhaustion phase

Question 81

The majority of aviation accidents are caused by… (1,00 P.)

 technical failure.
 meteorological influences.
 geographical influences.
 human failure.

Answer 81

human failure

0.8 (80%)

Question 82

The “swiss cheese model” can be used to explain the… (1,00 P.)

 error chain.
 procedure for an emergency landing.
 optimal problem solution.
 state of readiness of a pilot.

Answer 82

error chain

Question 83

What is the percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere at 6000 ft? (1,00 P.)

 21 %
 12 %
 78 %
 18.9 %

Answer 83

21 %

78% N, 21% O2; 1% rare gases

Question 84

What is the percentage of nitrogen in the atmosphere?

 1 %
 21 %
 78 %
 0.1 %

Answer 84

78 %

78% N, 21% O2; 1% rare gases

Question 85

At which altitude is the atmospheric pressure approximately half the MSL value (1013 hPa)?

 18000 ft
 5000 ft
 10000 ft
 22000 ft

Answer 85

18000 ft

Question 86

Air consists of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.
What is the approximate percentage of other gases?

 0.1 %
 78 %
 1 %
 21 %

Answer 86

0.1 %

78% N, 21% O2; 1% rare gases

Question 87

Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by…

 little sleep.
 alcohol.
 smoking.
 unhealthy food.

Answer 87

smoking

Question 88

What does the term “Red-out” mean?

 “Red vision” during negative g-loads
 Rash during decompression sickness
 Anaemia caused by an injury
 Falsified colour perception during sunrise and sunset

Answer 88

“Red vision” during negative g-loads

“Gray out” and “black out” = positive g-loads

Question 89

Carbon monoxide poisoning can be caused by…

 fuel or hydraulic fluids.
 generator failure.
 cracks in the heat exchanger.
 Pitot icing.

Answer 89

cracks in the heat exchanger

Question 90

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperventilaton?

 Cyanose
 Tingling
 Spasm
 Disturbance of consciousness

Answer 90

Cyanose

Question 91

Which of the following symptoms may indicate hypoxia?

 Joint pain in knees and feet
 Muscle cramps in the upper body area
 Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails
 Blue marks all over the body

Answer 91

Blue discolouration of lips and fingernails

Question 92

Which of the human senses is most influenced by hypoxia?

 The oltfactory perception (smell)
 The tactile perception (sense of touch)
 The auditory perception (hearing)
 The visual perception (vision)

Answer 92

The visual perception (vision)

Question 93

From which altitude on does the body usually react to the decreasing atmospheric pressure?

 2000 feet
 7000 feet
 10000 feet
 12000 feet

Answer 93

7000 feet

Question 94

Which altitude marks the lower limit where the the body is unable to completely compensate the effects of the low atmospheric pressure?

 12000 feet
 22000 feet
 5000 feet
 7000 feet

Answer 94

12000 feet

Question 95

**What is the function of the red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

 Oxygen transport
 Blood coagulation
 Immune defense
 Blood sugar regulation

Answer 95

Oxygen transport

Question 96

**Which of the following is responsible for the blood coagulation? **

 Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
 Capillaries of the arteries
 White blood cells (leucocytes)
 Blood plates (thrombocytes)

Answer 96

Blood plates (thrombocytes)

Question 97

What is the function of the white blood cells (leucocytes)?

 Oxygen transport
 Blood coagulation
 Blood sugar regulation
 Immune defense

Answer 97

Immune defense

Question 98

What is the function of the blood platelets (thrombocytes)?

 Immune defense
 Blood coagulation
 Blood sugar regulation
 Oxygen transport

Answer 98

Blood coagulation

Question 99

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for hypoxia?

 Smoking
 Menstruation
 Blood donation
 Diving

Answer 99

Diving

Question 100

Anemic hypoxia can be caused by…

 carbon monoxide poisoning.
 low pressure.
 high altitudes.
 alcohol.

Answer 100

carbon monoxide poisoning

Question 101

What is an appropriate reaction when a passenger during cruise flight suddenly feels uncomfortable?

 Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank
 Give additional oxygen and avoid low load factors
 Avoid conversation and choose a higher airspeed
 Switch on the heater blower and provide thermal blankets

Answer 101

Adjust cabin temperature and prevent excessive bank

Question 102

What ist the correct term for an involuntary and stereotypical reaction of an organism to the stimulation of a receptor?

 Reduction
 Virulence
 Coherence
 Reflex

Answer 102

Reflex

Question 103

What is the correct term for the system which, among others, controls breathing, digestion, and heart frequency?

 Critical nervous system
 Autonomic nervous system
 Automatical nervous system
 Compliant nervous system

Answer 103

Autonomic nervous system

Question 104

What is the parallax error?

 Long-sightedness due to aging especially during night

 Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision

 Misperception of speed during taxiing

 A decoding error in communication between pilots

Answer 104

Wrong interpretation of instruments caused by the angle of vision

Question 105

Which characteristic is important when choosing sunglasses used by pilots?

 Non-polarised
 No UV filter
 Curved sidepiece
 Unbreakable

Answer 105

Non-polarised

Question 106

Which part of the visual system is responsible for colour vision?

 Cones
 Rods
 Macula
 Blind spot

Answer 106

Cones

Cones = colour vision, highest concentration in the fovea

Rods = scotopic vision, highest concentration at 10-20º from fovea

Macula = point of insertion of optic nerve and vessels in the retina (blindspot)

Question 107

**The connection between middle ear and nose and throat region is called… **

 eardrum.
 cochlea.
 inner ear.
 eustachian tube.

Answer 107

eustachian tube

Question 108

In which situation is it NOT possible to achieve a pressure compensation between the middle ear and the environment?

 During a light and slow climb

 All windows are completely closed

 Breathing takes place using the mouth only

 The eustachien tube is blocked

Answer 108

The eustachien tube is blocked

Question 109

**Wings level after a longer period of turning can lead to the impression of… **

 starting a descent.
 starting a climb.
 steady turning in the same direction as before.
 turning into the opposite direction.

Answer 109

turning into the opposite direction

Same direction = “the Leans” (30 s)

Question 110

Which of the following options does NOT stimulate motion sickness (disorientation)?

 Head movements during turns
 Flying under the influence of alcohol
 Non-accelerated straight and level flight
 Turbulence in level flight

Answer 110

Non-accelerated straight and level flight

Question 111

**An acceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of… **

 a descent.
 a climb.
 an inverted flight.
 a bank.

Answer 111

a climb

Decceleration = illusion of descente (pitch down)

Question 112

**A deceleration during a straight horizontal flight can lead to the illusion of… **

 a climb.
 a descent.
 a bank.
 an inverted flight.

Answer 112

a descent

Question 113

Which optical illusion might be caused by a runway with an upslope during the approach?

 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too fast
and reduces the speed below the normal approach speed

 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope

 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too slow
and speeds up above the normal approach speed

 The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope

Answer 113

The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope

Impression of overshoot

Upslope = Impression of overshoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope

Downslope = impression of undershoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope

Question 114

What impression may be caused when approaching a runway with an upslope?

 A landing beside the centerline
 A hard landing
 An undershoot
 An overshoot

Answer 114

An overshoot

Upslope = Impression of overshoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too high
and therefore descents below the regular glide slope

Downslope = impression of undershoot = The pilot has the feeling that the approach is too low
and therefore approaches the runway above the regular glide slope

Question 115

The occurence of a vertigo is most likely when moving the head…

 during a straight horizontal flight.
 during a turn.
 during a descent.
 during a climb.

Answer 115

during a turn

Question 116

A Grey-out is the result of…

 hypoxia.
 tiredness.
 positive g-forces.
 hyperventilation.

Answer 116

positive g-forces

Grey-out and black-out = positive G forces

Red-out = negative G forces

Question 117

Visual illusions are mostly caused by… (1,00 P.)

 rapid eye movements.
 misinterpretation of the brain.
 colour blindness.
 binocular vision.

Answer 117

misinterpretation of the brain

Question 118

The average decrease of blood alcohol level for an adult in one hour is approximately…

 0.1 percent.
 0.01 percent.
 0.03 percent.
 0.3 percent.

Answer 118

0.01 percent

legal pilot blood alcohol level is 0.02%

Question 119

Which answer states a risk factor for diabetes?

 Overweight
 Smoking
 Sleep deficiency
 Alcohol consumption

Answer 119

Overweight

Question 120

A risk factor for decompression sickness is…

 smoking.
 sports.
 scuba diving prior to flight.
 100 % oxygen after decompression.

Answer 120

scuba diving prior to flight

Question 121

Which statement is correct with regard to the short-term memory?

 It can store 10 (±5) items for 30 to 60 seconds

 It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds

 It can store 3 (±1) items for 5 to 10 seconds

 It can store 5 (±2) items for 1 to 2 minutes

Answer 121

It can store 7 (±2) items for 10 to 20 seconds

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 122

For what approximate time period can the short-time memory store information?

 35 to 50 seconds
 30 to 40 seconds
 3 to 7 seconds
 10 to 20 seconds

Answer 122

10 to 20 seconds

Memory:
-SENSORY = 3s (visual fades first = 0.5s)

-SHORT-TERM = 20s, 5 bits, 5 - 9 items, immediate use, limited capacity

-LONG-TERM = unlimited, never truly lost
-Episodic (declarative) –> Event, influenced by suggestion, repetition and expectation

	 -Semantic (declarative) --> general knowledge, more accurate
	 
	 -Procedural (non-declarative) --> non-conscious; motor skills!

Question 123

What is a latent error?

 An error which is made by the pilot actively and consciously

 An error which only has consequences after landing

 An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time

 An error which has an immediate effect on the controls

Answer 123

An error which remains undetected in the system for a long time

Question 124

What does the term “confirmation bias” mean?

 The feedback loop in a closed communication

 The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model

 The bias to confirm each radio call

 The critical check of ambiguous situations in flight

Answer 124

The preference to find arguments to proof the own mental model

Question 125

**The ongoing process to monitor the current flight situation is called… **

 constant flight check.
 situational thinking.
 anticipatory check procedure.
 situational awareness.

Answer 125

situational awareness

Question 126

Regarding the communication model, how can the use of the same code during radio communication be ensured?

 By the use of radio phraseology

 By using radios certified for aviation use only

 By the use of proper headsets

 By a particular frequency allocation

Answer 126

By the use of radio phraseology

Question 127

In what different ways can a risk be handled appropriately?

 Extrude, avoid, palliate, transfer

 Ignore, accept, transfer, extrude

 Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept

 Avoid, ignore, palliate, reduce

Answer 127

Avoid, reduce, transfer, accept

Question 128

Under which circumstances is it more likely to accept higher risks?

 If there is not enough information available

 During check flights due to a high level of nervousness

 During flight planning when excellent weather is forecast

 Due to group-dynamic effects

Answer 128

Due to group-dynamic effects

aka risky shift

Question 129

**What is the meaning of “risky shift”? **

 Crossing of rudder and ailerons on short final

 The tendency to accept higher risks in groups

 Spontaneous change of landing direction when the runway has an upslope

 Seat adjustment in flight

Answer 129

The tendency to accept higher risks in groups

Question 130

Which dangerous attitudes are often combined? (1,00 P.)

 Macho and invulnerability

 Impulsivity and carefulness

 Invulnerability and self abandonment

 Self-abandonment and macho

Answer 130

Macho and invulnerability

Question 131

What is an indication for a macho attitude?

 Careful walkaround procedure

 Comprehensive risk assessment when faced with unfamiliar situations

 Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground

 Quick resignation in complex and critical situations

Answer 131

Risky flight maneuvers to impress spectators on ground

Question 132

Which factor can lead to human error?

 Double check of relevant actions

 Proper use of checklists

 To be doubtful if something looks unclear or ambiguous

 The bias to see what we expect to see

Answer 132

The bias to see what we expect to see

Question 133

What is the best combination of traits with respect to the individual attitude and behaviour for a pilot?

 Introverted - unstable
 Introverted - stable
 Extroverted - unstable
 Extroverted - stable

Answer 133

Extroverted - stable

Question 134

**Complacency is a risk due to… **

 the high number of mistakes normally made by humans.

 increased cockpit automation.

 the high error rate of technical systems.

 better training options for young pilots.

Answer 134

increased cockpit automation

Question 135

The ideal level of arousal is at which point in performance vs arousal/stress curve?

 Point A (low arousal)

 Point D (highest arousal)

 Point C (peak arousal)

 Point B (just before peak arousal)

Answer 135

Point B (just before peak arousal)

Question 136

At which point in the performance vs arousal/stress curve will a pilot find himself to be overstrained?

 Point A (low arousal)

 Point D (highest arousal)

 Point C (peak arousal)

 Point B (just before peak arousal)

Answer 136

Point D (highest arousal)

Question 137

Which of the following qualities are influenced by stress?
1. Attention
2. Concentration
3. Responsiveness
4. Memory

 2, 4
 1
 1, 2, 3, 4
 1, 2, 3

Answer 137

1, 2, 3, 4

Question 138

Which answer is correct concerning stress?

 Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem

 Training and experience have no influence on the occurence of stress

 Stress and its different symptoms are irrelevant for flight safety

 Everybody reacts to stress in the same manner

Answer 138

Stress can occur if there seems to be no solution for a given problem