Nature of Disease [Iris Transes] Flashcards
An infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual or the Individual’s discharges or by indirect means (as by a vector).
Ex: Measles, Dengue, Typhoid
Communicable Diseases
- Does not result from an (acute) inflectional process
- Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life.
- Usually develop and progress over long periods
Non-Communicable Diseases
slowly progressive in humans
Insidious
Every two seconds, a person dies prematurely from an ___________
NCD
________ of premature deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries
85%
_______ billion per year in economic losses due to NCDs.
$500
Every ___ invested in proven NCD interventions in low- and lower middle-income countries will generate at least ____ in increased economic development or reduced health care costs by 2030.
$1
$7
-Cardiovascular disease (Coronary heart disease, Stroke)
- Cancer
- Chronic lung diseases
- Diabetes
- Chronic neurologic disorders (Alzheimer’s, dementias)
- Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases
Non-Communicable Diseases
Characteristics of NCDs
- Complex etiology (causes)
- Multiple risk factors
- Long latency period
- Non-contagious origin (non-communicable)
- Prolonged course of illness
- Functional impairment or disability
- Incurability
- Insidious onset
An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or other health condition.
Risk Factor
A risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease.
Modifiable Risk Factor
The WHO has prioritized the following four:
- Physical inactivity
- Tobacco use
- Alcohol use
- Unhealthy diets
A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention.
Ex. Age, Gender, Race, Family history (genetics)
Non-Modifiable Risk Factor
Leading Causes of Death
- Cardiovascular disease (Coronary heart disease, Stroke)
- Cancer
- Chronic respiratory diseases
- Diabetes
Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.
Increased blood glucose level
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus can develop:
o Retinopathy
o Nephropathy
o Cardiovascular disease
o Amputation
o Tissue damage
- Characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily a result of pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis.
- Can develop at any age but first develops in children and young adults.
- Previously known as juvenile diabetes
- Deficient in insulin production by the pancreas. Produce little to no insulin;
- Dependent on insulin to maintain QOL.
Type I Diabetes Mellitus
is a form of type 1 diabetes that has no known etiology, is strongly inherited, and does not have β-cell autoimmunity. Individuals with this form of diabetes have episodic requirements for insulin.
Idiopathic type 1 diabetes
- Characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of an individual’s resistance to insulin with an insulin secretory defect.
- Most patients of this type are obese or have an increased percentage of body fat distribution in the abdominal region.
- This type of diabetes often goes undiagnosed for many years and is associated with a strong genetic predisposition, with patients at increased risk with an increase in age, obesity, and lack of physical exercise.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Overweight and obesity are defined as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health”
Obesity
(BMI means)
Body Mass Index
- Includes heart disease and stroke – is the number one cause of death globally.
- An estimated 17.3 million people died from CVD in 2008, affecting men and women almost equally, and representing 30% of all global deaths.
- Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected with over 80% of global CVD deaths.
Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)
disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.
Coronary heart disease
disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain.
Cerebrovascular disease
