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CPH lecture > Nature of Disease [Iris Transes] > Flashcards

Nature of Disease [Iris Transes] Flashcards

1
Q

An infectious disease transmissible (as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual or the Individual’s discharges or by indirect means (as by a vector).

Ex: Measles, Dengue, Typhoid

A

Communicable Diseases

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2
Q
  • Does not result from an (acute) inflectional process
  • Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life.
  • Usually develop and progress over long periods
A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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3
Q

slowly progressive in humans

A

Insidious

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4
Q

Every two seconds, a person dies prematurely from an ___________

A

NCD

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5
Q

________ of premature deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries

A

85%

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6
Q

_______ billion per year in economic losses due to NCDs.

A

$500

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7
Q

Every ___ invested in proven NCD interventions in low- and lower middle-income countries will generate at least ____ in increased economic development or reduced health care costs by 2030.

A

$1
$7

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8
Q

-Cardiovascular disease (Coronary heart disease, Stroke)
- Cancer
- Chronic lung diseases
- Diabetes
- Chronic neurologic disorders (Alzheimer’s, dementias)
- Arthritis/Musculoskeletal diseases

A

Non-Communicable Diseases

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9
Q

Characteristics of NCDs

A
  • Complex etiology (causes)
  • Multiple risk factors
  • Long latency period
  • Non-contagious origin (non-communicable)
  • Prolonged course of illness
  • Functional impairment or disability
  • Incurability
  • Insidious onset
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10
Q

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or other health condition.

A

Risk Factor

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11
Q

A risk factor that can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease.

A

Modifiable Risk Factor

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12
Q

The WHO has prioritized the following four:

A
  • Physical inactivity
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol use
  • Unhealthy diets
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13
Q

A risk factor that cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention.

Ex. Age, Gender, Race, Family history (genetics)

A

Non-Modifiable Risk Factor

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14
Q

Leading Causes of Death

A
  • Cardiovascular disease (Coronary heart disease, Stroke)
  • Cancer
  • Chronic respiratory diseases
  • Diabetes
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15
Q

Group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Increased blood glucose level

A

Diabetes Mellitus

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16
Q

Diabetes Mellitus can develop:

A

o Retinopathy
o Nephropathy
o Cardiovascular disease
o Amputation
o Tissue damage

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17
Q
  • Characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily a result of pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis.
  • Can develop at any age but first develops in children and young adults.
  • Previously known as juvenile diabetes
  • Deficient in insulin production by the pancreas. Produce little to no insulin;
  • Dependent on insulin to maintain QOL.
A

Type I Diabetes Mellitus

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18
Q

is a form of type 1 diabetes that has no known etiology, is strongly inherited, and does not have β-cell autoimmunity. Individuals with this form of diabetes have episodic requirements for insulin.

A

Idiopathic type 1 diabetes

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19
Q
  • Characterized by hyperglycemia as a result of an individual’s resistance to insulin with an insulin secretory defect.
  • Most patients of this type are obese or have an increased percentage of body fat distribution in the abdominal region.
  • This type of diabetes often goes undiagnosed for many years and is associated with a strong genetic predisposition, with patients at increased risk with an increase in age, obesity, and lack of physical exercise.
A

Type II Diabetes Mellitus

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20
Q

Overweight and obesity are defined as “abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health”

A

Obesity

21
Q

(BMI means)

A

Body Mass Index

22
Q
  • Includes heart disease and stroke – is the number one cause of death globally.
  • An estimated 17.3 million people died from CVD in 2008, affecting men and women almost equally, and representing 30% of all global deaths.
  • Low- and middle-income countries are disproportionally affected with over 80% of global CVD deaths.
A

Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)

23
Q

disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle.

A

Coronary heart disease

24
Q

disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain.

A

Cerebrovascular disease

25
Q

disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs.

A

Peripheral arterial disease

26
Q

damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria.

A

Rheumatic heart disease

27
Q

malformations of heart structure existing at birth, deep vein thrombosis.

A

malformations of heart structure
existing at birth, deep vein thrombosis.

28
Q

blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.

A

Pulmonary embolism

29
Q

Most CVD can be prevented by addressing risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, diabetes and raised lipids.

A

Prevention and Risk Factors for CVD

30
Q

leading cause of chronic disease-related death in the world, with around 10 million people dying from cancer every year.

A

Cancer

31
Q

At least one-third of cancers are preventable, and many cases and deaths can be averted through prevention and early detection.

A

Cancer

32
Q

term used for a group of diseases that can affect any part of the body. They’re characterized by rapid, abnormal cell growth that then spreads to other parts of the body.

A

Cancer

33
Q

The most common types of cancer are breast, lung, colon and rectum, prostate, stomach, and skin cancers.

A

Cancer

34
Q

Over __ of cancers are preventable.

A

30%

35
Q

Risk factors for _________include tobacco, obesity, physical inactivity, infections, alcohol, environmental pollution, occupational carcinogens, UV radiation.

A

cancer

36
Q

can be prevented and controlled by implementing evidence-based strategies for cancer prevention, screening and early detection, treatment and palliative care.

A

Cancer

37
Q
  • Tobacco use
  • Alcohol consumption
  • Unhealthy diet and nutrition
  • Overweight and obesity
A

Risk factors for Cancer

38
Q

Chronic Respiratory Disease

According to the __________ Report, smoking is estimated to cause about 71% of all lung cancer deaths and 42% of chronic respiratory disease worldwide.

A

WHO Global Status

39
Q

_________ causes severe respiratory health problems in children, such as asthma and reduced lung function.

A

Second-hand smoke

40
Q

Non-Communicable Diseases Progress Monitor 2022

2008-2013 Action Plan six objectives:

A
  1. Raise Awareness and Mobilize Action
  2. Reduce Risk Factors
  3. Strengthen Health Systems
  4. Monitor and Evaluate Progress
  5. Promote Research and Innovation
  6. Build Partnerships and Collaboration
41
Q

One of the primary objectives of the GAP was to raise awareness about the growing burden of NCDs and to mobilize action at the global, regional, and national levels. This involved advocating for increased political commitment, resource allocation, and multi-sectoral collaboration to address NCDs effectively.

A

Raise Awareness and Mobilize Action

42
Q

The GAP aimed to reduce the prevalence and impact of key modifiable risk factors for NCDs, such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and harmful alcohol consumption. This involved implementing evidence-based interventions and policies to promote healthier lifestyles and environments.

A

Reduce Risk Factors

43
Q

Another objective of the GAP was to strengthen health systems to better prevent, detect, and manage NCDs. This included improving access to essential medicines and technologies, enhancing capacitybuilding for healthcare providers, and integrating NCD services into primary healthcare settings.

A

Strengthen Health Systems

44
Q

The GAP emphasized the importance of monitoring and evaluating progress towards its objectives and targets. This involved developing robust surveillance and monitoring systems to track NCD trends, risk factors, and health outcomes, as well as assessing the impact of interventions and policies.

A

Monitor and Evaluate Progress

45
Q

The GAP sought to promote research and innovation in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of NCDs. This included supporting research initiatives to better understand the underlying causes of NCDs, identify effective interventions, and strengthen health systems’ capacity to deliver NCD services

A

Promote Research and Innovation

46
Q

the GAP aimed to foster partnerships and collaboration among governments, civil society organizations, the private sector, and other stakeholders to address NCDs comprehensively. This involved leveraging resources, sharing best practices, and coordinating efforts to maximize impact.

A

Build Partnerships and Collaboration

47
Q

First Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Noncommunicable Disease Control of WHO
(April 28-29, 2011, in Moscow, Russian Federation)

A
  • Raise Awareness and Political Commitment
  • Share Best Practices and Lessons Learned
  • Strengthen Collaboration and Partnerships
  • Commit to Action and Accountability
48
Q
A

CPH lecture (7 decks)

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