COMMUNICABLE DISEASE [Batch 2027]

Question 1

● Transmissible by direct contact with an infected individuals or the bodily fluids of an individual
● Can also be transmitted indirectly, as by a vector
○ Example:
■ Measles
■ Dengue
■ typhoid

Answer 1

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Question 1

● Also known as infectious disease
● Has a causative agent
○ Causative agent = pathogen

Answer 1

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Question 2

COMMON TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Tuberculosis

Answer 2

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 3

Malaria

Answer 3

Anopheles spp.

Question 4

Dengue

Answer 4

Aeges aegypti

Question 5

Rabies

Answer 5

Rhabdoviruses

Question 6

Schistosomiasis

Answer 6

Schistosoma haemotobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum

Question 7

Filariasis

Answer 7

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi

Question 8

HIV/AIDS

Answer 8

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Question 9

Syphilis

Answer 9

Treponema Pallidum

Question 10

Gonorrhea

Answer 10

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 11

● Also known as chronic or lifestyle disease
● Maybe brought by:
○ Unhealthy lifestyle
○ Genetics

Answer 11

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Question 12

● Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life
○ Often initially insidious
○ Develop and progress over long periods
○ Once manifested there is usually a protracted period of impaired health

Answer 12

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Question 13

● Includes heart disease and stroke
○ Number one cause of death globally

Answer 13

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Question 14

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

Answer 14

Coronary Heart Disease

Question 15

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

Answer 15

Cerebrovascular Disease

Question 16

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

Answer 16

Peripheral Arterial Disease

Question 17

Damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever; caused by streptococcal bacteria

Answer 17

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Question 18

Malformations of heart structure existing at birth, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart lungs

Answer 18

Congenital Heart Disease

Question 19

● Most CVD can be prevented by addressing risk factors such as:

Answer 19

○ Tobacco use
○ Unhealthy diet
○ Obesity
○ Physical inactivity
○ Highblood pressure
○ Diabetes
○ Raised lipids

Question 20

● A group of diseases that can affect every part of the body
● Spreads through the process of metastasis
○ Metastasis is the rapid, abnormal cell growth that then spreads to other parts of the body

Answer 20

CANCER

Question 21

● Also known as a malignant tumour and neoplasms
○ Leading cause of death in the world
● Most common types of cancer
○ Breast
○ Lung
○ Colon
○ Rectum
○ Prostate
○ Stomach
○ Skin

Answer 21

CANCER

Question 22

● Indoor air pollution from biological agents increases the risk of respiratory disease in children and adults

Answer 22

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

Question 23

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

it highly impacts the progression of respiratory health problems in children such as asthma and reduced lung function

Answer 23

Second-hand smoking

Question 24

the inhalation of smoke from other people’s smoke

Answer 24

● Second-hand smoking

Question 25

● Most countries introduced a wide range of comprehensive policies to reduce and eliminate tobacco smoke

Answer 25

PREVENTION

Question 26

● Metabolic diseases brought by hyperglycemia that initiates defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both ● Increased blood glucose level ● Can develop ○ Retinopathy ○ Nephropathy ○ Cardiovascular disease ○ Amputation ○ Tissue damage

Answer 26

DIABETES MELLITUS

Question 27

Greater than or equal to 6.5% using a National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program - certified method

Answer 27

HbA1c

Question 28

A fasting plasm glucose greater than or equal to ________ (7.0 mmol/L)

Answer 28

126 mg/dL

Question 29

An OGTT with a _______ (75 g glucose load) level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL

Answer 29

2-hour postload

Question 30

An OGTT with a _______ (75 g glucose load) level greater than or equal to_____-

Answer 30

200 mg/dL

Question 31

Symptoms of diabetes plus a ______plasma glucose level greater than or equal to _______ (11.1 mmol/L), each which should be confirmed on a subsequent day by any one of the first three methods

Answer 31

random 200 mg/dL

Question 32

○ Previously known as juvenile diabetes ○ Inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily resulted by the pancreatic B-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis

Answer 32

● Type 1

Question 33

○ Deficient in insulin production by the pancreas ■ Produce little to no insulin ○ Can develop at any age but first develops in children and young adults

Answer 33

● Type 1

Question 34

○ Hyperglycemia as a result of an individual’s resistance to insulin with an insulin secretory defect ○ Most people dealing with this disease type are obese or have increased percentage of body fat in the abdominal region

Answer 34

Type 2

Question 35

abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

Answer 35

Obesity

Question 36

CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Answer 36

● Complex etiology ● Multiple risk factors ● Long latency period ● Non-contagious origin ● Prolonged course of illness ● Functional impairment or disability ● Incurability ● Insidious onset

Question 37

● “An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or health condition.”

Answer 37

RISK FACTOR

Question 38

Can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease

Answer 38

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR

Question 39

Cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention

Answer 39

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR

Question 40

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE Root determinants

Answer 40

○ Ageing ○ Gender ○ Ethnicity ○ Hereditary ○ Urbanization ○ Socio-economy ○ Culture ○ Politics ○ Religion ○ Environment

Question 41

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ● Underlying determinants

Answer 41

○ Unhealthy diets ○ Alcohol abuse ○ Tobacco use ○ Physical inactivity ○ Poor sleep ○ Stress

Question 42

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ● Immediate determinants

Answer 42

○ Obesity ○ High blood pressure ○ High blood glucose ○ Dyslipidemia ○ Hyperinsulineamia

Question 43

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE ● Chronic disease

Answer 43

○ Heart disease ○ Hypertension ○ Stroke ○ Diabetes mellitus ○ Cancers ○ COPD