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CPH lecture > COMMUNICABLE DISEASE [Batch 2027] > Flashcards

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE [Batch 2027] Flashcards

1
Q

● Transmissible by direct contact with an infected individuals or the bodily fluids of an individual
● Can also be transmitted indirectly, as by a vector
○ Example:
■ Measles
■ Dengue
■ typhoid

A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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1
Q

● Also known as infectious disease
● Has a causative agent
○ Causative agent = pathogen

A

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

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2
Q

COMMON TYPES OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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3
Q

Malaria

A

Anopheles spp.

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4
Q

Dengue

A

Aeges aegypti

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5
Q

Rabies

A

Rhabdoviruses

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6
Q

Schistosomiasis

A

Schistosoma haemotobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum

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7
Q

Filariasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi

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8
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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9
Q

Syphilis

A

Treponema Pallidum

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10
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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11
Q

● Also known as chronic or lifestyle disease
● Maybe brought by:
○ Unhealthy lifestyle
○ Genetics

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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12
Q

● Cause premature morbidity, dysfunction, and reduced quality of life
○ Often initially insidious
○ Develop and progress over long periods
○ Once manifested there is usually a protracted period of impaired health

A

NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

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13
Q

● Includes heart disease and stroke
○ Number one cause of death globally

A

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

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14
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle

A

Coronary Heart Disease

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15
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain

A

Cerebrovascular Disease

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16
Q

Disease of the blood vessels supplying the arms and legs

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease

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17
Q

Damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever; caused by streptococcal bacteria

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease

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18
Q

Malformations of heart structure existing at birth, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart lungs

A

Congenital Heart Disease

19
Q

● Most CVD can be prevented by addressing risk factors such as:

A

○ Tobacco use
○ Unhealthy diet
○ Obesity
○ Physical inactivity
○ Highblood pressure
○ Diabetes
○ Raised lipids

20
Q

● A group of diseases that can affect every part of the body
● Spreads through the process of metastasis
○ Metastasis is the rapid, abnormal cell growth that then spreads to other parts of the body

A

CANCER

21
Q

● Also known as a malignant tumour and neoplasms
○ Leading cause of death in the world
● Most common types of cancer
○ Breast
○ Lung
○ Colon
○ Rectum
○ Prostate
○ Stomach
○ Skin

A

CANCER

22
Q

● Indoor air pollution from biological agents increases the risk of respiratory disease in children and adults

A

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

23
Q

CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE

it highly impacts the progression of respiratory health problems in children such as asthma and reduced lung function

A

Second-hand smoking

24
Q

the inhalation of smoke from other people’s smoke

A

● Second-hand smoking

25
Q

● Most countries introduced a wide range of comprehensive policies to reduce and eliminate tobacco smoke

A

PREVENTION

26
Q

● Metabolic diseases brought by hyperglycemia that initiates defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
● Increased blood glucose level
● Can develop
○ Retinopathy
○ Nephropathy
○ Cardiovascular disease
○ Amputation
○ Tissue damage

A

DIABETES MELLITUS

27
Q

Greater than or equal to 6.5% using a National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program - certified method

A

HbA1c

28
Q

A fasting plasm glucose greater than or equal to ________ (7.0 mmol/L)

A

126 mg/dL

29
Q

An OGTT with a _______ (75 g glucose load) level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dL

A

2-hour postload

30
Q

An OGTT with a _______ (75 g glucose load) level greater than or equal to_____-

A

200 mg/dL

31
Q

Symptoms of diabetes plus a ______plasma glucose level greater than or equal to _______ (11.1 mmol/L), each which should be confirmed on a subsequent day by any one of the first three methods

A

random
200 mg/dL

32
Q

○ Previously known as juvenile diabetes
○ Inappropriate hyperglycemia primarily resulted by the pancreatic B-cell destruction and a tendency to ketoacidosis

A

● Type 1

33
Q

○ Deficient in insulin production by the pancreas
■ Produce little to no insulin

○ Can develop at any age but first develops in children and young adults

A

● Type 1

34
Q

○ Hyperglycemia as a result of an individual’s resistance to insulin with an insulin secretory defect

○ Most people dealing with this disease type are obese or have increased percentage of body fat in the abdominal region

A

Type 2

35
Q

abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health

A

Obesity

36
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

A

● Complex etiology
● Multiple risk factors
● Long latency period
● Non-contagious origin
● Prolonged course of illness
● Functional impairment or disability
● Incurability
● Insidious onset

37
Q

● “An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or a hereditary characteristic
that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease, injury, or health condition.”

A

RISK FACTOR

38
Q

Can be reduced or controlled by intervention, thereby reducing the probability of disease

A

MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR

39
Q

Cannot be reduced or controlled by intervention

A

NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTOR

40
Q

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Root determinants

A

○ Ageing
○ Gender
○ Ethnicity
○ Hereditary
○ Urbanization
○ Socio-economy
○ Culture
○ Politics
○ Religion
○ Environment

41
Q

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

● Underlying determinants

A

○ Unhealthy diets
○ Alcohol abuse
○ Tobacco use
○ Physical inactivity
○ Poor sleep
○ Stress

42
Q

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

● Immediate determinants

A

○ Obesity
○ High blood pressure
○ High blood glucose
○ Dyslipidemia
○ Hyperinsulineamia

43
Q

CAUSATION PATHWAY OF MOST CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

● Chronic disease

A

○ Heart disease
○ Hypertension
○ Stroke
○ Diabetes mellitus
○ Cancers
○ COPD

44
Q
A

CPH lecture (7 decks)

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