Epidemiology [Iris Transes] Flashcards by Harold Glenn Tagalog Acera

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the applications of this study to control health problems.

Epidemiology

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Frequency and patterns (person, place. time) of health events.

Distribution

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Causes, Risks, association of diseases and other factors that influence the occurence of diseases.

Determinants.

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Scientific, Systematic, Data-Driven

Study

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Frequency, Pattern

Distribution

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Causes, Risk Factors

Determinants

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Application of Epidemiology

Discover the ___, ____ and ______ that affects health

Hosts, Agents and Environmental Factors

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Application of Epidemiology

Determine the relative importance causes of _____, ____ and _____.

illness, disability and death

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Application of Epidemiology

Identify those _____ of the population that have the __________ from specific causes of _______.

Segments
Greatest Risk
ill health

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Application of Epidemiology

Evaluate the ________ of health programs

Effectiveness

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Types of Epidemiology study

Experimental and Observational

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Observational studies can be either ___________ or ________

Descriptive or Analytic

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Principal investigator controls the exposure and the outcome through randomization; population is randomly allocated

Experimental

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Hallmark of Experimental Type

Randomization

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Not randomly allocated

Observational

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Describing the nature of diseases, summarizing its nature of diseases from the person, place, time, variables only.

Descriptive

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Experience of Community

Phenomenological

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Branch of Epidemiology that studies casual (etiological) relationships between putative causative factors and health conditions; examines naturally occuring events sometimes.

Analytical

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Analytical

Examines naturally occuring events sometimes;

Cross Sectional
Testing the hypothesis
Based on research
How was the evaluation affected?
Why was the population affected?

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Morbidity Measures

Prevalence
Incidence

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Measures the no. of new cases occuring in a specified population during a specific population during a specified time period divided by the no. of people exposed to the risk of developing that disease during that period.

Prevalence

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Prevalence

Number of __________ in a defined population who have a specified diseases of condition at the given point in time.

Personas

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Evolved cases, Chronic Disease.

Estimation of survival cases

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Refers to cases at one point in time

Point Prevalence

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Refers to cases over a defined period of time (such as year)

Period Prevalence

Defined as the proportion of persons who are unaffected at the beginning of a study period but who experience a risk.

Risk

_________ or ________ of new cases in a given period of time

Rate or Proportion

Measures the exposure and outcome at one time only.

Cross Sectional

Hypothesis is _____________________

Analytic (generates hypothesis)

Point Prevalence Formula:

= No. of cases of a disease in a poulation at a given point time / No. of people exposed to disease risk at that point in time.

- Average population size in the same period. - It measured over an interval of time. - It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute at any time during interval.

Period Prevalence

Period Prevalence Formula

= No. of cases of a disease in a population over a given period of time / Average population size in the same period X Factor

Cross Sectional: Classification of Manipulation of Exposure

Observational

Cross Sectional: Classification of Hypothesis

Analytic

Cross Sectional: Classification of Direction

N/A

Cross Sectional: Classification of Time points

One point in time

Cohort: Classification of Manipulation of Exposure

Observational

Cohort: Classification of Hypothesis

Analytic

Cohort: Classification of Direction

Prospective

Cohort: Classification of Time points

Longitudinal

Establishes temporal __________

Relationship

Establishes the expsoure/factors

causing the disease.

- Measures risk of disease - How fast a particular disease develops during a period of time. - Acute conditions - Incidence proportion and incidence density

Incidence

- Also called as cumulative Incidence

Incidence Proportion

- Proportion of an initially disease-free population that develops disease, becoimes injured or dies during specified (usually limited) period of time - Average risk of developing the disease - Attact rate for outbreak

Incidence Proportion

- Also called as Incidence Rate. - Describes how quickly disease occurs in a population. - The denominator is the sum of the time each person was observed, totaled for all persons. This denominator represents the total time the population was at risk of and being watched for disease. Thus, the incidence rate is the ratio of the number of cases to the total time the population is at risk of disease.

Incidence Density

- An odds ratio (OR) is another measure of association that quantifies the relationship between an exposure with two categories and health outcome.

Odd Ratio

- Host will be able to get the disease from microorganism. - Diseases that are those which the pathogen or agent has the capability to enter, survive, and multiply in the host.

Infective

- Severity depends on the strength of organisms. - Directly proportional to the strength of disease - The extent of pathogenicity or strength of different organisms - The capacity and strength of the disease to produce severe and fatal cases of illness.

Virulence

- The factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease.

Etiology

Etiology who said that “The term ‘etiology’ means the science of causes; from a scientific perspective, all diseases must have causes

(White, F., 2020).

- The factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease.

Toxins

Toxins who said that “Substances created by plants and animals that are poisonous (toxic) to humans”

(MedlinePlus, 2023).

- A substance produced by, or a semisynthetic substance derived from a microorganism and able in dilute solution to inhibit or kill another microorganism.

Antibiotics

- Greek words: en means “in,” demos means “people.” - Constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease within a geographic area.

Endemic

- Usual or expected frequency of disease - Ex. Malaria (endemic in Palawan not Manila because vectors = mosquitoes prefer stagnant water within which to lay their eggs), Tuberculosis

Endemic

- Beyond the expected percent. - Persistent level of activity beyond or above the expected prevalence.

Hyperendemic

- Existed already early in life. - The factors contributing to the source of or causation of a disease.

Holoendemic

- High level of infection beginning early in life. - Affecting mostly of the child population.

Holoendemic

Epidemic Greek words: epi means “upon,” demos means “people.”

Epidemic

Epidemic Greek words: epi means “_____,” demos means “_____.”

upon people

- Whole wide epidemic that spread over several countries or continents that affects a large portion of the population.

Pandemic

- Tools that are designed to objectively measure relevant information on different attributes of health status and performance of a health system. - Summary measures that can reveal a situation. - Improves the health population and reduces unjust and preventable inequalities.

Health Indicators

mostly in the community are healthy.

o Positive Indicator

number of morbidities, etc. (if the negative indicator is higher than the positive indicator value, then it indicates a high data of morbidity)

o Negative Indicator

- Describe health care needs in a population and the disease burden in specific population groups.

Description

- Measure risk or prognosis. - Forecast disease/outbreaks burdens in the population\

Forecast

- Relation to social determinants of health.

Explanation

cause, age, and sex; differentiated or classified to be cause mortality, age mortality.

Specific mortality ratio (SMR)

indicator of adulthood or health status of 50- year-old patients.

Swaroop’s index

Chain Infection

1. Infectious Agent 2. Reservoir 3. Portal of Exit 4. Mode of Transmission 5. Portal of Entry 6. Susceptible Host

- First link in the chain of transmission

Infectious (Causative) Agent

Give Infectious microorganism or pathogen:

o Bacteria o Fungi o Virus o Parasite

The ______may or may not be the source from which an agent is transferred to a host

reservoir

- Localization of COVID-19: Respiratory system - Path by which a pathogen leaves its host. Usually corresponds to the site where pathogen is localized:

o Coughing o Sneezing o Crossing the placenta o Through cuts or skin punctures o Blood sucking arthropods (malaria)

transfer by direct contact or droplet spread, human to human interaction.

Direct Transmission

- Relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or talking

o Droplet spread

transfer of an infectious agent to a host by suspended particles inanimate objects (vehicles), and vectors; no human to human contact.

Indirect Transmission

carried by dust or in the ai

Airborne

flies can pick up infectious agents on the outside of their bodies and transmit them through physical contact.

Vector borne

passively carrying a pathogen. Also, may provide an environment in which the agent grows.

o Vehicle borne

relatively large up to two meters.

Droplet spread

- Manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host - Must provide access to tissues so the pathogen can multiply - Often, infectious agents use the same portal (portal of exit and entry) - Eyes, mouth (fecal-oral), skin (hookworms)

Portal of Entry

Depends on our susceptibility (depends on characterization)

Host

Final link in the chain of infection is a susceptible host

Host

- A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent without discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection.

Carrier

recovery phase of carrier

2. Convalescent

Types of Active Carrier

1. Incubatory Carrier 2. Convalescent – recovery phase of carrier 3. Asymptomatic

transmitted from animals to humans.

Zoonotic disease (or zoonosis

refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area.

Epidemic

refers to a disease or condition present among a population at all times.

Endemic

refers to an epidemic that has spread over several countries or continents, usually affecting a large number of people.

3. Pandemic