Nature of Clinical Laboratory Flashcards
Refers to a facility subdivided into different sections where common diagnostic procedures are done by specialized health professionals.
CLINICAL LABORATORY
The regulation of Clinical Laboratories in the Philippines is governed by
Republic Act 4688
DOH EO 59 series of 2001
REDIRECTING THE FUNCTIONS AND OPERATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
WAS GIVEN REGULATORY FUNCTIONS AMONG CLINICAL LABORATORIES IN THE PHILIPPINES.
BUREAU OF HEALTH FACILITIES AND SERVICES (BHFS)
DOH AO 2007-0027
REVISED RULES AND REGULATIONS
GOVERNING THE REGULATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
DOH AO 2021-0037
NEW RULES AND REGULATIONS
GOVERNING THE REGULATION OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
OPERATES WITHIN THE PREMISES
OF AN INSTITUTION LIKE HOSPITAL, SCHOOL, MEDICAL CLINICS, ETC.
Hospital-Based (HB)
-NOT PART OF ANY ESTABLISHED
INSTITUTION.
Non-hospital-based (NHB)
operated by national or local government units
Government
privately owned , established and operated with funds through donation, principal, investment or other means, by any individual, corporation, association or organization
Private
The highest level of laboratory in the country performing
highly complex procedures, including confirmatory
testing.
National Reference Laboratory (NRL)
National Reference Laboratory (NRL)
a. Confirmatory testing
b. Surveillance
c. Resolution of conflicts
d. Training and research
e. Evaluation of kits and reagents
f. External quality assessment program
Refers to an extension of the main clinical
laboratory located within the facilities compound
or premises
Satellite Clinical Laboratory
A laboratory testing unit that moves from one
testing site to another testing site and it has a
DOH licensed CL as its main laboratory.
Mobile clinical laboratories
Sections of the Clinical Laboratory
- Clinical Chemistry
- Hematology
- Immunohematology/Blood Bank
- Immunology/Serology
- Medical Microbiology
- Analysis of Urine and Blood Fluids (Clinical
Microscopy) - Histopathology
- Involved in the analysis of biological materials, usually bodily fluids, to provide diagnostic results on the state of the human body.
- Test procedures are usually performed on serum.
Clinical Chemistry
ROUTINELY REQUESTED CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ASSAYS
A. Blood Glucose
B. Blood Lipid Profile
C.Kidney (Renal) Function tests
D.Liver Function Tests
E. Cardiac Function Tests
F. Special Chemistry Tests: Tumor Markers
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3, PO4-3, Ca+2, Mg+2, etc.
Electrolytes
Alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase,
Creatine phosphokinase, Lactic acid
dehydrogenase, Glutamic-Oxalacetic
Transaminase, Amylase, etc.
Enzymes
Total protein, Albumin, Globulin, Pre-albumin,
Alpha globulins, Beta-globulins,
Immunoglobulins, etc.
Proteins
Glucose, Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine,Cholesterol, etc.
Organics
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-, PO4-3, Urea
Nitrogen, Creatinine, Uric acid,
albumin
Renal (Kidney)
Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin, AST,
ALT, ALP, Cholesterol, Total protein,
albumin, globulin
Hepatic (liver)
CPK, LDH, Troponin I, Myoglobin
Cardiac (Heart)
Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, Triglycerides
Hypertensive
Thyroxin, Free thyroxin, TSH
Thyroid
- Scientific study of blood, its components, and blood diseases.
- Includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and prevention of blood diseases.
- Whole Blood is used for the majority of test procedures.
Hematology
- is defined as the study of all the aspects of the immune system, including its structure and function.
- Deals with the response of an organism to antigenic challenge and its recognition of what is self and non self.
Immunology/ Serology
*is a division of immunology that deals with the specializes in the laboratory detection and measurement of antigens and antibodies.
Serology
may be performed for diagnostic purposes when an
infection is suspected and helps to diagnose patients with immunodeficiencies associated with the lack of antibodies.
Serological tests
- Deals with the uses of immunologic principles to study and identify the different blood groups
- Separate area in a clinical laboratory where blood is collected from donors.
- Prepares blood and blood components for transfusion
Blood Bank
Study of microorganisms too small to be seen by unaided eye.
* A broad term which includes bacteriology, mycobacteriology, virology, mycology and parasitology.
* Responsible for growing and identifying the organisms obtained from patient’s blood, urine, or other body fluids, sputum, or wound.
* After the organism is grown out (culture), susceptibility testing can be performed.
Microbiology
- Performs scientific analysis of non-blood body fluids such as urine, semen, and stool.
Clinical Microscopy
- The macroscopic, chemical, and microscopic examinations of urine provide initial valuable diagnostic
information concerning metabolic dysfunctions of both renal and non renal origin.
ROUTINE URINALYSIS
- The common chemical testing of urine utilizes commercial disposable test strips
- The result of testing is regarded as semi-quantitative
- A fresh urine specimen is collected in a clean, dry container. A multistix strip is briefly immersed in the urine specimen, covering all reagent areas.
Chemical Tests for abnormal chemical constituents
- Looks for formed cellular elements, casts, bacteria, yeasts, parasites and crystals in centrifuged urine sediment
Microscopic exam for abnormal insoluble constituents
Important in evaluating fertility cases and status of post vasectomy cases.
SEMEN ANALYSIS
Fecalysis, stool concentration technique, occult blood determination and stool examination for fats help clinician in early detection of gasto-intestinal bleeding, liver and biliary duct disorders and malabsorption syndrome.
STOOL EXAMINATION
- Refers to the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
- Examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by a pathologist, after the specimen has been processed and histological sections have been placed into glass slides.
Histopathology
Two sources of specimens:
- Autopsy specimen
- Biopsy specimen
- Process of recording the tissue specimen in a log book and assigning identification numbers to the specimen received in the laboratory
Numbering
Preserving the tissue specimen
Fixation
Process of removing water from the specimen by using increasing grades of ethyl alcohol
Dehydration
- Also known as de-alcoholization.
- Process of removing excess alcohol in the tissues and making the tissues transparent.
Clearing
- the process of filling up the tissue spaces or cavities using a paraffin wax
Infiltration
The process of placing the infiltrated tissue inside a mold.
Embedding/Molding
The process of removing the excess paraffin wax from the block until it assumes the shape of a truncated pyramid.
Trimming
The process of putting the coverslip on the stained tissue using a mounting medium
Mounting
Means of identifying the specimen. The specimen number is indicated on the glass slide.
Labelling
- Overall activities conducted by the laboratory personnel to ensure reliability of test results.
Quality Assurance
includes day to day activities that are undertake
In order to control factors or variables that may affect test results.
Internal Quality Assurance System (IQAS)
system of checking the performance of clinical
Laboratory by designated external agencies.
External Quality Assurance System (EQAS)
for Hematology an Coagulation
NKTI
for Clinical Chemistry
Lung Center of the Phils.
for Microbiology and Parasitology
RITM
for Drugs of Abuse
EAMC
for Hepa B, Hepa C and HIV
SACCL
