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Natural Selection etc Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution in terms of natural selection

A

Most organisms produce more offspring than will survive. Each offspring will show variation. Individuals will compete with each other due to limited resources such as shelter, food, water, space and mates. Those with better adapted variations to the environment are more likely to survive while other will die (survival of the fittest/natural selection). The individual which survive can reproduce and pass on their advantageous variations to their offspring

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2
Q

Explain how natural selection brings about evolution

A

Variations within a population. Mutations cause variations. Those with more desirable features are more likely to breed compared to those with undesirable features as they are less likely to die or be unattractive

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3
Q

Evidence to support animal evolution in species

A

Peppered moths, warfarin rat poisoning, antibiotic resistance

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4
Q

Explain antibiotic resistance

A

Within a population there is variation. Some bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics and will take longer to be killed than others. The less resistant bacteria are killed off by antibiotics and the most resistant bacteria would survive. These resistant bacteria reproduce and pass on their resistant genes, making more resistant bacteria

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5
Q

Evidence of human evolution based on fossils

A

Fossils (1.6). Ardi (4.4mil years, 350cm3 brain, 120cm height), Lucy (3.2mil years, 400cm3 brain, 107cm height), homo habilis, homo erectus, Homo sapiens

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6
Q

Evolution def

A

A gradual change in the characteristics of a species overtime

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7
Q

Ways of grouping

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

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8
Q

Binomial name

A

Genus and species

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9
Q

Five kingdom

A

Plant, animals, Protists, fungi, bacteria

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10
Q

Plants features

A

Cellulose cell wall, multi cellular

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11
Q

Animals features

A

Multicellular, reproduce sexually

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12
Q

Bacteria features

A

No nucleus, unicellular, plasmid DNA, chromosomal DNA

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13
Q

Protist features

A

Unicellular, have a nucleus

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14
Q

Fungi features

A

Multicellular, cell walls made of chitin

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15
Q

Heterotrophic

A

Organisms that can’t make their own food but rely on organic substances instead

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16
Q

Autotrophics

A

Produces its own food from inorganic substances

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17
Q

Saprophytic

A

Live off dead, decomposing organisms

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18
Q

Domains

A

Bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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19
Q

Bacteria domains

A

no nucleus, all genes for something

20
Q

Archaea

A

no nucleus, some unused DNA present

21
Q

Eukarya domain

A

Has nucleus, some unused DNA present

22
Q

Selective breeding

A

When humans reproduce/breed certain organisms together to get desirable features/characteristics

23
Q

Benefits of selective breeding

A

Grow in different environments, disease resistance, increase yield, nutrition, fast growth

24
Q

Drawbacks of selective breeding

A

Reduces gene pool

25
Q

Genetic engineering def

A

A process which involves modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics

26
Q

Genetic engineering stages

A

DNA is found in the chromosomes in the nucleus. The desirable feature is located. It is cut out using restriction enzymes and has sticky ends. The plasmid vector is cut out using restriction enzymes. The gene is sealed to the plasmid using the enzyme ligase. The plasmid is placed back into the bacterium. The bacteria reproduce asexually and identically and produce the gene

27
Q

Vector

A

Any DNA that is used to carry another

28
Q

Benefits of genetic engineering in medicine

A

Can treat diabetes by using insulin genes …

29
Q

Tissue culture def

A

The growing of cells or tissues in a medium (liquid) containing nutrients e.g. hormones

30
Q

Advantages of tissue culture

A

Grows identical cells, grown very quickly in little space, all year round

31
Q

Animal tissue culture use

A

Used in medical research because you can carry out experiments in isolation e.g. glucose on pancreas. You can look at the effects of a particular substance of a single cell without complications from the whole organism

32
Q

Animal tissue culture process

A

Take a sample of desired tissue. Cells are separated from each other. Cells are placed in some nutrients so they can grow and multiply. They divide (cells) and multiply (in number). These cells can be extracted and stored.

33
Q

Plant tissue culture process

A

Choose a plant which best expresses the desired feature. Remove small pieces of tissue from the parent plant (fast-growing root or shoot tips). Grow the tissue in a medium containing nutrients and growth hormones (auxins) under aseptic conditions to prevent growth of microbes that could harm the plants.

34
Q

Biological control

A

Using living organisms to control pests

35
Q

Why is biological control better than using pesticides?

A

No cross contamination. No pollution in nearby water sources. Only targets one type of pest. Does not affect any animals that eat the pest (no toxic chemicals) - no harm to the consumer

36
Q

Negatives of using fertilisers

A

They are used to increase yield. Contain N, K and P. If they are not all absorbed by the plants, they can get into streams and cause water pollution which can lead to the death of organisms that drink the water

37
Q

Aphids

A

A pest that eats crops and plants. Controlled by parasitic wasps. They inject their eggs in the aphid as the surrogate. The larvae breaks out the aphid, killing it

38
Q

Spider mite

A

A pest that eats sap, damaging leaf tissue. Controlled with predatory mites. Kill their prey so they die out

39
Q

Weaver ants

A

Remove pests by placing nests in citrus trees

40
Q

St John’s Wart

A

A weed that grows in grassland, causes animals to become ill. Chrysolina beetles est them to control them

41
Q

Monoculture

A

An area where only one type of crop is grown

42
Q

Why are plants genetically modified?

A

disease resistant, drought resistant, increase yield, bigger, more nutrients, pesticide resistant, survive harsh conditions

43
Q

Disadvantages of monoculture

A

A disease/pest can wipe them all out

44
Q

Bt toxin

A

Produces a natural insecticide protein (Bacillus thuringiensis)

45
Q

Bt toxin process

A

Sprayed onto plants as an

Biology (9 decks)

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