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Ecosystems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

A group of one species living in a particular area. The number of organisms of a species in a habitat

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2
Q

Community

A

All the different organisms that live and interact in an ecosystem

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3
Q

Organism

A

An individual animal, plant or single celled life form

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4
Q

Ecosystem

A

All organisms and the environment in which they live in along with the biotic and abiotic factors that affect them

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5
Q

Trophic level

A

The number of steps an organism is from the start of the chain

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6
Q

Interdependence

A

How individual species depend on each other for resources

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7
Q

Food chain order

A

Producer (plant), primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer

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8
Q

What do the arrows on a food chain show

A

Energy transfer - NOT who eats who

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9
Q

Abiotic

A

Non-living factors in an ecosystem which can affect the distribution of organisms e.g. water, temperature, weather, pollutants, light

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10
Q

Biotic

A

Living organisms in an ecosystem which can affect the distribution of other organisms e.g. humans, habitat, predators, competition

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11
Q

Temperature affecting polar bears

A

(Abiotic) Increased temperature means that the polar ice caps would melt, decreasing the space on land where they can live

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12
Q

Water affecting plants

A

(Abiotic) Lack of water means that plants cannot photosynthesise meaning they can’t get glucose for respiration so the number of plants would decrease

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13
Q

What do organisms compete for

A

(Biotic) Shelter, space, food, water, mates, light, territory

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14
Q

Predator-prey relationship

A

As the number of prey increases, the number of predators also increases. This is because the large number of prey will be able to feed and support a large number of predators (not much competition)

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15
Q

Importance of interdependence

A

In order to maintain a balanced food web, organisms must rely on each other. This is because, in a food web, changes in the population of one species can have an effect on the populations of other species in the same community

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16
Q

Competition

A

Habitats have limited supplies of the resources needed by plants and animals. They compete, including by fighting, in order to survive (survival of the fittest)

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17
Q

Food chain

A

A sequence of feeding relationships between organisms showing energy movement through trophic levels

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18
Q

Producers

A

Organisms that make their own organic nutrients - usually using energy from sunlight. (Autotrophic)

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19
Q

Consumers

A

Heterotrophic. Get energy from other organisms

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20
Q

Decomposer

A

Feed off dead and decaying organisms (saprophytic)

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21
Q

Food web

A

A network of interconnected food chains. Shows energy flow through an ecosystem

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22
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

Shows population at each stage (trophic level) of a food chain. Bars are stacked on top of each other with producers at the bottom (most energy)

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23
Q

Environment

A

All the conditions that surround a living organism

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24
Q

Biodiversity

A

A measure of the variety of different species living in a habitat

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25
Q

Why is it impractical to count the organisms in a population

A

Animals may move in or out of the area during counting, some may die, may be difficult to find all organisms

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26
Q

Quadrat

A

A square made of wire used to identify and count the number of organisms in a small area

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27
Q

How to use a quadrat

A

Count population in small area then times by how many squares fit into the whole area. Remember that the quadrat must be randomly placed (representative sample) e.g. random coordinates not biased. The validity (repeatable) and reproducibility (ability to be reproduced to increase validity) of the results increases as the results are analysed. Smaller boxes to know exactly where to take measurements e,g, temperature. Known size (usually 10x10) easy for percentages.

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28
Q

Capture mark recapture

A

A way to estimate the population size of an animal species. Trapped (pitfall). Marked then released. Traps used a few days later. Marked and unmarked counted and recorded.

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29
Q

Equation for capture mark recapture

A

2nd sample previously marked / 1st sample x 2nd sample

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30
Q

Assumptions made with capture mark recapture data

A

No death, immigration or emigration, no tags have taken off or marks rubbed off, marking has not affected survival rate of the animals

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31
Q

Belt Transects

A

A line across a (part of a) habitat e.g. A string or rope on the ground. The number of organisms of each species is recorded at regular intervals or estimating percentage cover (percentage area of a quadrat with a certain type of organism). Also study distribution of abiotic factors such as mean height of plants or light intensity along a gradient (change cross a habitat). Find mean for each quadrat. Plot graph to see if the changing abiotic factor is in correlation with a change in the distribution of the species. Good for finding out changes along a gradient

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32
Q

Zonation

A

A gradual change in the distribution of species across a habitat

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33
Q

Parasites

A

Organisms that live on or inside of or near o a host organism. The parasite benefits but the host does not and/or may be harmed

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34
Q

Mutualism

A

The relationship between organisms of different species where they both benefit (symbiosis)

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35
Q

Head lice

A

Parasites. Live in human hair. Feed by sucking blood from the scalp. Effect the the host by bites causing itching

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36
Q

Fleas

A

Parasites. Live on the fur and bedding of humans and animals. Feed on sucking blood. Bites cause a risk of infection and itching

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37
Q

Tapeworm

A

Parasite. Live inside another animal attaching itself to its gut. Feed by absorbing water and nutrients in the gut. Host suffers from malnutrition

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38
Q

Mistletoe

A

Parasite. Live on trees (especially oak and apple). Feed on the nutrients by the roots invading the bark. Caused deformities in the trees and branches or death

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39
Q

Cleaner fish

A

Mutualist. Live with or alongside other fish and avoid being eaten by other fish. Feed on dead skin and ectoparasites. Host gets pest control

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40
Q

Oxpecker

A

Mutualist. Live on the skin of buffalo, deer and other animals. Feed on ticks and larvae. Host gets pest control and warning of nearby predators

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41
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Mutualist. Live in the nodules of roots of legumes such as beans, clover and peas in the soil. Feed on constant supply of sugar. Host gets nitrates from the bacteria which are used for proteins

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42
Q

Chemosynthetic bacteria

A

Mutualist. Live inside giant tube worms or gills of molluscs in hydrothermal vents. Feed on chemicals from the seawater provider. Host uses the chemicals to synthesise food for them and the host

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43
Q

Prey-predator graph cycle

A

Prey population increases when predator numbers are low. More prey means more food for predators. Population of predators increase after a lag time. Prey eaten by predators means that the prey numbers decrease. Less food for predators meaning fewer survive and predator numbers decrease. Cycle repeats. More prey population in general

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44
Q

Light intensity affecting plants and algae

A

More light means more photosynthesis which means more growth and therefore an increased distribution

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45
Q

Water pollution affect on fish

A

Pollutants poison fish, killing them and decreasing their distribution

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46
Q

Adaptations of parasites (headline)

A

Sharp claws to grip to hair and skin. Sharp mouth parts to pierce skin. Eggs glued to hairs to prevent them falling off

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47
Q

Adaptations of parasites (tapeworm)

A

Hooks and suckers to attach he head firmly to the international wall. Flattened body allows nutrients to be absorbed over the whole body surface. Segments contain make and female sex organs for fertilisation

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48
Q

Fish farming - pos and neg

A

(15% of protein earn by humans is fish) Aims to produce more fish to reduce overfishing of wild fish. Kept in freshwater or seawater tanks and enclosures. Pos: provides for humans, controlled number of predators to fish (protection), more sustainable, fish fed frequently and better (rapid growth), disease can be treated, makes sure no harmful substances are in the fish (safe to eat), controls fish reproduction and fish fights. Neg: disrupts food chains, disease can be more easily spread as fish are closely together in a confined space, pesticides and antibiotics may be needed, eutrophication may be needed, uneaten food and faeces sink to bottom which can pollute the water, may cause adaptations that change the fish, predators are attracted to the nets and can get caught and die

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49
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

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50
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of different species

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51
Q

Indigenous

A

An organism that has been in an area for a very long time (native)

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52
Q

Non-indigenous

A

An organism that has been introduced into an area they haven’t been in before

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53
Q

Benefit and neg of non-indigenous species

A

Reduces number of another species which is out of control (invasive species) - pest control/predators. Provide more food for a species where food sources are scarce - prey. Neg: changes biodiversity of an ecosystem, disrupts food webs, may form adaptations in evolving in that area, may carry a disease that can infect and kill indigenous species, reducing biodiversity

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54
Q

Naturalised species

A

When a non-indigenous species becomes established in the new environment

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55
Q

Invasive species

A

When naturalised species spread quickly and outcompete native species

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56
Q

Eutrophication and neg

A

Excessive richness of nutrients in a body of water, caused by fertilisers washed into it, which causes a dense growth of plant life (phosphate and nitrates increases algae growth). This destroys the ecosystem as oxygen levels reach a point where no life is possible and all organisms die.

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57
Q

Process of eutrophication

A

Happens in a river or lake. It is full of excessive nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from fertilisers which stimulates algae growth. The algae covers the water surface, absorbing sunlight preventing it from reaching other plants under the water which then die. The oxygen in the water is also depleted. Bacteria reproduce by consuming oxygen and feeding off dead plants, breaking them down and leaving the river anoxic (without oxygen)

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58
Q

Preserving biodiversity importance

A

Conservation and reforestation. Protects human food supply, ensures minimal damage to food chains, provide future medicines, cultural aspects, ecotourism, provide new jobs

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59
Q

Conservation and pos

A

When an effort is made to protect and preserve a rare or endangered species or habitat such as the rainforest or red squirrels. This helps the species population to survive and thrive, boosting the ecosystem and food webs

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60
Q

What does the habitat provide a source of?

A

Food, water, shelter, protection from predators, mates, minerals

61
Q

Reforestation and pos

A

Replanting trees to protect a habitat. This serves as shelter, homes, safety and food for many organisms (from predators, weather, source of prey). Increases biodiversity.

62
Q

Case Study. What was Kielder Forest like before?

A

(100years ago) Trees were gone and it was mostly open moorland. Animals such as deer and grouse lived there. It was once covered by trees.

63
Q

Case Study. What was Kielder Forest originally planted with?

A

Conifer trees (pines) to provide wood

64
Q

Case Study. How has Kielder Forest changed?

A

Both conifers and broad leaves trees are planted and some areas are left open to increases the range of habitats and number of species living there

65
Q

Case Study. What rare species are occupying Kielder Forest?

A

Osprey, goshawk, red squirrel

66
Q

Case Study. What has been done to protect endangered species in Kielder Forest?

A

Nesting platforms built in tall trees to encourage ospreys to nest

67
Q

Case Study. How is squirrel conservation managed?

A

Grey squirrels caught and killed to protect the red squirrels

68
Q

Importance of preserving biodiversity

A

Conserves individual species and communities. Also useful as it means that areas with greater biodiversity can recover faster from natural disasters such as flooding. Plants and animals are also used by humans for food and a source of medicine.

69
Q

Food security

A

The ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity (access, quality and quantity)

70
Q

Increasing human population on food security

A

The rapid rise in human population has resulted in increasing demand for food worldwide. This is an issue for individuals, households and entire countries. More people want to consume more food

71
Q

Temperature affecting birds

A

Rise in average temperatures cause the distribution of birds to change especially in Germany (e.g. European Bee Eater birds)

72
Q

Water affecting daisies

A

Grow best in slightly damp soil. Waterlogged or too dry means they decrease

73
Q

Light intensity on fungi

A

Thrive in dark conditions. Trees replaced by misses

74
Q

Pollutants in air on lichen

A

Unable to survive if concentration of sulfureux dioxide is too high

75
Q

Decreasing red squirrels

A

Grey are competing and winning by eating their food

76
Q

Quadrat mean equation

A

Total number of organisms / number of quadrats

77
Q

Estimate population size from quadrants

A

Mean number of organisms per m^2 x total area of habitat

78
Q

Sustainable food production

A

Make sure enough food for future demands. Produce more food in same area of land, therefore increased plant productivity and manipulation of genetic diversity required.

79
Q

Increasing animal/livestock farming on food security

A

Less efficient than growing crops due to loss of energy from ecosystem between trophic levels. Better yield with vegetables.

80
Q

Impact of new pests and pathogens on food security

A

Diseases can spread to food (animals as well as plants) which can affect humans who eat it. Destroys crop and harvest. Can be controlled by developing pest-resistant or disease-resistant crops, biological pesticides, removing competition from weeds and diseases using fungicides and herbicides

81
Q

Climate change on biodiversity

A

Species have to move to new areas with a possible increase in competition for food and shelter. Reduces biodiversity of the area

82
Q

Biomass

A

Mass of a living material

83
Q

Efficiency of energy transfer in food chains

A

Energy available to the next stage / energy that was available to the previous stage x 100

84
Q

Importance of water cycle

A

Water can run out over future generations, living things need it to survive, it is used by humans for things other than drinking e.g. washing, cleaning

85
Q

Process of water cycle

A

Evaporation from sea, condensation to clouds, precipitation to ground, interception by plants, transpiration from plants to sky, percolation in rock, infiltration in soil, surface run off on ground, ground water through flow in ground

86
Q

Transpiration

A

Water being given off by plants through the stomata

87
Q

Percolation

A

Water travelling into permeable rock

88
Q

Desalination

A

Involves collecting sea water then distilling it by evaporating and condensing it to make it pure

89
Q

Importance of desalination

A

Helps areas where there is not enough precipitation (droughts). Desalination will give them potable water to drink and use

90
Q

Making potable water

A

Must be filtered to remove dirt and treated with chemicals such as chlorine to kill pathogens.

91
Q

Detritus feeders

A

aka detritivores. Feed off dead or decaying material. E.g. woodlice, maggots. Break it up into smaller bits giving it a bigger surface area and speeds up decay

92
Q

Saprophytes

A

Feed off dead or decaying material by extra cellular digestion. E.g. fungi. They secrete digestive enzymes on the material outside their cells to break it down into smaller bits

93
Q

Food preservation methods to reduce rate of decay

A

Canning, cooking, freezing, drying, adding vinegar, adding salt or sugar

94
Q

Effect of canning

A

Airtight. Decomposers kept out

95
Q

Effect of cooling

A

Slows decay as it slows decomposer’s reproduction rate

96
Q

Effect of drying

A

Decomposers need water to carry out cell reactions

97
Q

Effect of adding salt or sugar

A

High concentration means they lose water by osmosis which damages the decomposers

98
Q

Effect of adding vinegar

A

Decomposers die in acid

99
Q

Survival of the fittest in evolution

A

Evolution by natural selection brings about changes in a species as all organisms have variation: some are advantageous. They compete with others and are more likely to survive. They then reproduce with other organisms and their advantages are passed onto their offspring. This process happens over many generations.

100
Q

Importance of nitrogen

A

Living organisms need it to make proteins for growth and repair. Plants need nitrates for amino acids to make proteins

101
Q

How do plants take in nitrates?

A

Active transport through the root hair cells from an area of low concentration (soil) to high (hair cells). They get the energy to do this from respiration

102
Q

Carbon compounds in living organisms

A

Glucose (respiration), protein (growth and repair), fat (stored energy)

103
Q

Carbon cycle stages

A

Photosynthesis, respiration of plants, eating, respiration of animals, death, excretion, respiration of decomposers (detritus feeders), fossilisation (by heat and pressure), combustion

104
Q

Carbon found in carbon cycle

A

Carbon dioxide in air, plants, animals, dead organisms, fossil fuels

105
Q

Carbon in photosynthesis

A

Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Used for molecules such as proteins, fats and carbohydrates

106
Q

Carbon in eating

A

Stored in fats and proteins. Feed on waste or dead organisms. Passed on.

107
Q

Carbon returning to atmosphere

A

Animals, plants and microorganisms respire. Combustion of wood, fossil fuels, materials.

108
Q

Carbon in decay

A

Releases CO2. More in warm, moist conditions with lots of oxygen (involves microorganisms).

109
Q

Nitrogen cycle

A

Proteins in cells. N2 in air converted to soluble ions absorbed by roots. Passed on to plant then other organisms. Returned to atmosphere as gas

110
Q

Haber process

A

Industrial chemical process that makes ammonia by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen together (for fertilisers)

111
Q

5 stages of nitrogen cycle

A
  1. Fixation of nitrogen gas to soluble gases such as nitrates (lightning, Haber process to soil, bacteria in root nodules of legumes). 2. Absorbed to roots of plants and stored as proteins. 3. Passed on in food chains and excretion. 4. Death - decomposers break down urea and faeces returning them to the soil as ammonium ions. 5. Releases into atmosphere by denitrifying bacteria that break down nitrates to nitrogen gas
112
Q

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert…

A

Nitrogen gas into soluble ions such as nitrates

113
Q

Nitrifying bacteria covert…

A

Ammonium ions to nitrate ions

114
Q

Denitrifying bacteria convert…

A

Nitrate ions to nitrogen gas

115
Q

Nitrogen gas % in atmosphere

A

78%

116
Q

Lightning fixation

A

Energy makes nitrogen react with oxygen to form nitrates

117
Q

Decomposer bacteria convert…

A

Proteins and urea to ammonia

118
Q

Indicator species def

A

Indicate levels of pollution

119
Q

Indicator species - Air pollution

A

Black spot fungus (parasite, gains glucose from plant): infect roses in clean air, killed by sulphur pollution. Lichens (mutualist, algae living in fungus): leafy means low pol, crusty men’s high pol of sulfur dioxide.

120
Q

Indicator species - Water pollution

A

(Low in oxygen means polluted). Not polluted: stonefly, freshwater shrimp. Polluted: bloodworms, sludgeworms, mudworms

121
Q

Positives of using indicator species

A

Easy, quick, cheap, natural (doesn’t disrupt environment), doesn’t require certain skills, indicates long term pollution levels

122
Q

Negatives of indicator species

A

Might miss some out, not always present at that time, sensors give better quantitative values (more accurate)

123
Q

Food chain pyramids show either…

A

Biomass or numbers in population. Biomass is the pyramid but population could be different

124
Q

Calculating percentage of biomass

A

( Energy transferred to biomass / total energy supplied to organism ) x 100

125
Q

How is energy lost?

A

Movement, reproduction, excretion

126
Q

Calculate rate of change of decay

A

1000 / time OR change in volume / time

127
Q

Decomposition def

A

The breaking down of organic substances (containing carbon) by decomposers such as fungi and bacteria

128
Q

Optimum conditions for decomposers

A

Warm, moist, lots of oxygen

129
Q

Irradiating food effect

A

Gamma rays kills decomposers by reducing reproduction rates

130
Q

Stored in oil effect

A

Removes oxygen

131
Q

Stored in unreactive gas effect

A

Reduces oxygen

132
Q

Best conditions for composting

A

Warm (kept outside in sun for decomposers to reproduce, large piles of compost and bin walls insulates heat), moist (kept outside in rain for decomposers to reproduce), oxygen (gaps in compost heat to allow oxygen in so decomposers can reproduce

133
Q

Decomposition def

A

The breaking down of organic substances (containing carbon) by decomposers such as fungi and bacteria

134
Q

Optimum conditions for decomposers

A

Warm, moist, lots of oxygen

135
Q

Irradiating food effect

A

Gamma rays kills decomposers by reducing reproduction rates

136
Q

Stored in oil effect

A

Removes oxygen

137
Q

Stored in unreactive gas effect

A

Reduces oxygen

138
Q

Best conditions for composting

A

Warm (kept outside in sun for decomposers to reproduce, large piles of compost and bin walls insulates heat), moist (kept outside in rain for decomposers to reproduce), oxygen (gaps in compost heat to allow oxygen in so decomposers can reproduce

139
Q

Carbon Cycle

A

Passed from one organism to the next in complex molecules then returned to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

140
Q

Where is carbon found?

A

Carbon dioxide in air. Carbon in animals. Carbon in plants. Carbon in dead organisms. Carbon in fossil fuels

141
Q

Habitat

A

Where an organism lives

142
Q

Using a quadrat to look at species richness, you would…

A

Count the total number of different species (not individuals within a species)

143
Q

Using a quadrat to find out the percentage cover (to estimate plant frequencies)

A

Look at the percentage of a quadrat covered by one species

144
Q

Sweep nets

A

Catch flying insects. Large nests used to sweep through grasses or leaves of trees

145
Q

Kick sampling

A

Samples stream invertebrates. Nets are held downstream of an area of river bed and is gently disturbed by the person doing the sampling so the animals float into the net

146
Q

Pitfall traps

A

Catch small mammals. A hole dug into the ground with food inside to attract them and has smooth sides to prevent mammals escaping

147
Q

Pooters

A

Small devices used to sample small insects in trees by sucking them up safely without them getting into your mouth

148
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Used if there is a trend or pattern across a habitat (abiotic factors e.g. temperature fluctuations, light intensity, immersion by water)

149
Q

Kite diagrams

A

Present data from belt transects. Width of the bar from the middle shows how many individuals were observed at that point. Distance at x axis

Biology (9 decks)

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