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Biology > Cells and Control > Flashcards

Cells and Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell cycle

A

Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

The production of two daughter cells, both with identical sets of chromosomes to the parent cell, and results in the formation of two genetically identical diploid body cells

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3
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

Asexual reproduction, growth and repair

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4
Q

Interphase

A

New sub-cellular structures made

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5
Q

Prophase

A

Nucleus breaks down, spindle fibres form and chromosomes (two identical chromatids joined by a centromere) shorten and thicken

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6
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator and spindle fibres attach

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7
Q

Anaphases

A

Fibres shorten, pulling the chromatids apart

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8
Q

Telophase

A

Membrane forms around each of the two sets to form two nuclei

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

New cell surface membranes form two new cells

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10
Q

Pluripotent

A

Capable of differentiating into many different cell types

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11
Q

Benefits and risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

Embryonic - B: can differentiate into any cell, used to treat diseases such as leukaemia, can potentially be reprogrammed into adult ask cells to avoid rejection. R: ethical issues arisen, only a certain time span to experiment on the embryos
Adult - B: can be used in bone marrow transplants to treat some diseases, less ethical issues. R: have to find a match, chance of rejection from immune system, continual stem cell division can cause cancer

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12
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal chord

Tells the body what to do and responds to stimuli

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13
Q

Effectors

A

The muscles or glands which bring about the response

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14
Q

Dendrites

A

In all neurones. Receive impulses from receptors

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15
Q

Dendron/axon

A

Carries the impulse along the neurone
Dendron - towards cell body
Axon - away from cell body

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16
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Fatty layer which insulates the dendron/axon and speeds up transmission. Acts as an electrical insulator and speeds up electrical impulses.

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17
Q

Neurotransmission

A

The travelling of impulses (electrical signals from the neurones) in neurones

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18
Q

Reflex arc

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory, synapse, relay, synapses, motor, effector, response

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19
Q

Sensory

A

Carry impulses from the receptor to the CNS

20
Q

Relay

A

Carry impulses from the CNS to motor neurones

  • short neurones with dendrites but no dendrons
  • axons and axon terminals
21
Q

Motor

A

Carry impulses from relay to effectors

  • dendrites but no dendrons
  • axons and axon terminals
22
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurones. Convert electrical energy from impulses to chemical energy (neurotransmitters) which diffuse and are detected by the next neurone to make a new electrical impulse.

23
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid response to stimuli. Takes the impulse to the spinal chord and back to the effector rather than the brain to save time and trigger a quicker response

24
Q

Cerebellum

A

(Base of the brain), controls balance, coordination and muscular activity

25
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

(Where the spinal cord and brain meet together), controls unconscious activities such as heartbeats, breathing, blinking and reflexes

26
Q

Cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

A

Split into cerebral hemispheres, controls consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

27
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membranes which the brain is encased in

28
Q

CT scans

A

(Computed tomography) shows shapes and structures at different layers and points of view, X-ray beam moves around the head at various positions and measures how much is absorbed, this builds a 3D image that isn’t obscured by other structures as the slices build up this image, this helps doctors see what’s wrong with a patient by giving them a greater insight.

29
Q

PET scans

A

(Positron emission tomography), patient is injected with radioisotope drugs such as fluorine-18 into their blood, gamma rays are emitted then detected by scanners to produce multiple images to be analysed - more gamma rays, more active part of the brain

30
Q

Limitations in treating damage in the brain e.g. Brain tumours

A

They can cause death as they can squash areas of the brain and stop them working. Cells in the brain grow and divide uncontrollably or cancer cells from other parts of the body spread to the brain. Causes headaches, double vision, trembling and personality changes

31
Q

Ways of treating brain tumours

A

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy (gamma rays or beta emitters but could damage surrounding healthy cells), surgically removed. Might not work due to blood brain barriers that only allow certain substances to pass from the blood to the brain.

32
Q

Spinal cord damage limitations

A

Causes loss of feeling in lower limbs or quadriplegia because nerve damage reduces flow of information

33
Q

Treating spinal cord damage

A

Stimulating the muscles using electrical wires as there are no stem cells in the spinal cord that produce nerve cells (won’t feel pain)

34
Q

Cornea

A

The transparent and convex (important for determining the direction of light through refraction) front part (outermost layer of the eye) of the sclera which lets light into the eye

35
Q

Sclera

A

The white outer layer of the eye. It is relatively tough and strong so the eyeball doesn’t damage easily

36
Q

Iris

A

Pigmented (decides colours of the eye) so light cannot pass through. It controls the size of the pupil and how much light is let in by contracting and relaxing its muscles

37
Q

Lens

A

Transparent, bi-convex, flexible disc behind the iris attached by the suspensory ligaments to the ciliary muscles. Focuses the image. It’s behind the iris (on the inner side of the eye).

38
Q

Retina

A

The lining of the back of the eye containing two types of photoreceptors cells (light sensitive layer) - cone and rod

39
Q

Rod cells

A

Sensitive to dim light and black and white, allows you to see shapes and work in low light conditions

40
Q

Cone cells

A

Allow you to see colour and work in daylight conditions

41
Q

Optic nerve

A

Bundle of sensory neurones at the back of the eye

42
Q

Blind spot

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye as there is no retina. Unaware of it because the brain fills in the gap

43
Q

Why does eyesight worsen when you get older

A

The lens hardens as we get older meaning it cannot refract light or easily focus on close objects

44
Q

Close sighted

A

Distant looks blurred. Light is focused in front of the retina so images that land on the retina are out of focus and blurry. Lens is too curved or the eyeball is long. Treated with concave lens glasses to spread the light from distant objects before it reaches the eye

45
Q

Far sighted

A

Close objects appear blurry. Light is focused behind the retina so the image that lands on the retina is out of focus. Lens too flat and thin or short eyeball. Treated with convex lens glasses which brings the light rays together more before they reach the eye

46
Q

Cataracts

A

Cause: protein builds up in the lens of your eye making it cloudy. This prevents light clearly coming through the lens causing some loss of vision. New cells form on the outside of the lens and the older cells are compacted into the centre of the lens. Treated: surgery, change in diet, glasses with plastic lens

47
Q

Colour blindness

A

Cause: genetics (mainly in men), cone cells either sense red, green or blue light. No treatment

Biology (9 decks)

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