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Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messengers made in endocrine glands and taken directly into the blood

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2
Q

How are hormones transported

A

Made in gland. Released into bloodstream by diffusion. Blood carries hormone to target organ

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3
Q

Effect of adrenaline on the body

A

Increased heart rate (due to rapid strong heart muscle cell contractions). Increased blood pressure (due to narrowed vessels to other organs). Increased blood flow (diameter of heart muscles widens). Increased blood sugar (liver changes glycogen to glucose for energy from respiration).

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4
Q

Type 1 diabetes - caused by

A

Genetics. Immune system destroys cells in pancreas. Causes an autoimmune response as the body attacks itself

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5
Q

Type 2 diabetes - caused by

A

Environmental. Lifestyle choices (unbalanced/sugar heavy diet, sedentary, lack of exercise). Immune to insulin

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6
Q

Type 1 - symptoms

A

Weight loss, loss of muscle bulk, excessive thirst, frequent or increased urination (sudden and obvious)

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7
Q

Type 2 - symptoms

A

Excessive hunger, slow healing wounds, fatigue (slow and unnoticed)

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8
Q

Treatment of diabetes

A

Type 1 - insulin injections into the subcutaneous layer of fat before food (controls blood sugar levels by increasing it)
Type 2 - oral/metformin medication (tablets) which reduces amount of glucose released in the liver

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9
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone. Made in and released by pituitary gland. Causes menstruation by making the uterus lining breakdown. The egg follicle inside matures

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10
Q

Oestrogen

A

Made in ovaries. Released by egg follicle as it grows and matures. Uterus lining thickens. Days 1-14. Stops FSH production in pituitary gland. Causes production of LH in pituitary gland

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11
Q

LH

A

Luteinising hormone. Made in pituitary gland by oestrogen. Egg is released. Day 14 is the peak. Stops oestrogen release

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

Released from empty egg follicle (corpus lutiem). Maintains uterus lining. Stops LH production. Days 14-21

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13
Q

Day 21-28 of menstrual cycle

A

If egg is not fertilised, levels of progesterone fall and the uterus lining will break down, starting the cycle again

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14
Q

Urea

A

Waste product of protein metabolism (breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver)

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15
Q

Thyroxin

A

Made in thyroid glands. Controls metabolic rate (how quickly chemical reactions happen in the body)

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16
Q

Glycogen

A

Stored form of glucose in liver

17
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone released from pancreas that turns glucose into glycogen

18
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone released from the pancreas that turns glycogen into glucose

19
Q

Pancreas produces

A

Glucagon and insulin

20
Q

Liver stores

A

Glucose stored as glycogen

21
Q

ADH (anti divretic hormone)

A

Made in kidneys to control blood water levels by triggering uptake of water

22
Q

TRH

A

Thyroxine regulating hormone. Released from the hypothalamus and…

23
Q

TSH

A

Thyroxine stimulating hormone. Released from the pituitary gland and increases thyroxine

24
Q

What hormones do oral contraceptives contains

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

25
Q

Clomifene

A

A drug used to stimulate ovulation by increasing the concentration of FSH and LH in the blood. It is useful for women who rarely release an egg cell during menstruation. It is an example of Assisted Reproductive Technology.

26
Q

How does sweat keep us cool

A

It takes heat energy away as it evaporates

27
Q

Homeostasis def

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment

28
Q

Dermis vs epidermis

A

Dermis is the second layer of skin where sweat glands are located. Epidermis is the top layer is the skin

29
Q

What does the placenta produce when a woman becomes pregnant

A

The organ in the uterus allows the transfer of nutrients and waste products between the mother and the fetid through the umbilical cord. It produces progesterone wh in maintains the uterus lining during pregnancy so menstruation doesn’t happen

30
Q

ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) def and eg

A

Uses hormones and other techniques to increase the chance of pregnancy. Helps couples who are unable to have a child. E.g. Clomifene therapy and IVF

31
Q

IVF (in vitro fertilisation)

A

Overcomes problems like blocked oviducts in woman or if the man doesn’t produce enough healthy speed cells.

32
Q

Stages of IVF

A

Egg follicle maturation stimulated by hormones. Egg cells released and taken from ovary. Sperm cells collected from man also. Combined to allow fertilisation. A couple healthy embryos placed in uterus

Biology (9 decks)

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