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Biology > Health and Disease > Flashcards

Health and Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of health according to the WHO

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Pathogen def

A

An organism that causes disease

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3
Q

Communicable

A

Can be passed on from person to person. Caused by pathogens or microbes getting into the body

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4
Q

Non-communicable def and e.g.

A

Cannot be passed from person to person. Caused by lifestyle choices or genetics
E.g. Diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease

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5
Q

Chalara ash dieback

A

Fungi, airborne, causes lead loss and bark lesions

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6
Q

Malaria

A

Protist, animal vector, damages blood and liver

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7
Q

Cholera

A

Bacteria, causes diarrhoea, water

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8
Q

Tuberculosis

A

Bacteria, cause lung disease and coughing, airborne

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9
Q

HIV

A

Virus, destroys white blood cells, weakens the immune system leading to the onset of AIDS and death by secondary diseases

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10
Q

Stomach ulcers

A

Bacteria, caused by helicobacteria, oral transmission

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11
Q

Ebola

A

Virus, body fluids, causes haemorrhaging fever

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12
Q

Chemical defences

A

Lysozyme in tears and saliva (breaks down the cell walls of bacteria to destroy them), hydrochloric acid in stomach (destroys pathogens in food)

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13
Q

Physical barriers

A

Skin (blocks pathogens from entering the body and bloodstream), mucus (traps pathogens in airways), cilia (waft to move the mucus from the lungs to the throat. Also found in the Fallopian tubes)

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14
Q

antibiotics

A

Can be used to treat bacterial infections as they can inhibit cell processes in the bacterium but no the host organism. They can’t treat viruses as the viruses reproduce using the body’s cells. The antibiotic can’t destroy the virus without destroying the body’s cells

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15
Q

Developing new medicines

A

Discovery (finding a new drug that can potentially cure or treat a disease), preclinical testing (on cells in the lab to see if it enters the cells and has the wanted effect), animal testing (to check if it works on a while organism without harming humans, small clinical (tests if drug is safe to humans and has no bad side effects), large clinical (find out correct dose)

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16
Q

BMI

A

weight in kg / height squared in metres

17
Q

Causes of obesity and malnutrition

A

Lack of exercise, poor unbalanced diet

18
Q

Causes of liver diseases

A

Alcohol

19
Q

Causes of cardiovascular disease

A

Smoking

20
Q

Treatments for cardiovascular disease

A

Life-long medication, surgical procedure ps, lifestyle changes

21
Q

Lytic cycle

A

Viruses have a protein coat around a strand of genetic material. It attaches itself to the host organism and injects/transcribes its genetic material into it. It uses the host mRNA to direct ribosomes where protein synthesis happens. It takes over metabolic activities in the cell. It uses enzymes and proteins to take over the genetic material and use it to copy the virus. It uses the cell’s energy to replicate at a fast rate. As the cell gets overcrowded, the virus releases enzymes to break the cell wall and it ruptures affecting other cells as the new viruses are released

22
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

Genetic material injected into cell. It is incorporated into the genome. The genetic material is replicated with the host DNA. The virus is dorment and no new ones are made. The cells divide so there is more of them present in multiple cells. Eventually a trigger (e.g. mutation, stress or UV radiation) causes a viral genetic material to leave the genome and enter the lytic pathway.

23
Q

Monoclonal antibodies. How are they made?

A

They are artificially made in labs by fusing antibody forming cells with a tumour cell (myeloma). Lymphocytes are taken from the animal (injected with pathogen) as they produce antibodies to the antigen.

24
Q

Plant defences

A

Cell wall made of cellulose, waxy cuticle (physical). Antiseptics (chemical)

25
Q

Antiseptics

A

Contain antibacterial features

26
Q

How can plant diseases be detected and identified

A

Physical aspects e.g. Yellow leaves show efficiency of nutrients, distribution of leaves fallen can show where the source came from, detecting antigens to identify pathogens on affected plants (using monoclonal antibodies)

27
Q

How do fungi overcome plant defences to infect them

A

Use an enzyme which helps break through the cellulose cell wall

28
Q

Salicylic acid

A

Produced by willow trees and meadow sweet plants. Used in aspirins

29
Q

Why use tumour cells for monoclonal antibody production

A

Replicates quickly (rapid division) so the antibody forming cell (B-lymphocytes) can produce the antibodies quickly to be extracted and cultivated for use. Lymphocytes take long time to divide

30
Q

Hybridoma

A

Tumour cell that has been fused with B-lymphocytes

31
Q

How to find antibodies

A

Screening it to see which ones match with certain antigens

32
Q

Process of monoclonal antibodies (after they are made)

A

The hybridomas are screened for production to find the desired antibody. This is cloned to be extracted and used

33
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies : pregnancy tests (reaction zone)

A

HCG hormone is found in women’s urine when they are pregnant. The antibodies are on a stick where the woman must urinated on. If HCG is present, it will bind to the antibodies (reaction zone)

34
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies : pregnancy tests (testing zone)

A

The antibody-HCG complex move to the test zone (results window). More antibodies cause them to get stuck, turning them a certain colour. If there was no HCG, there would be no colour change

35
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies : pregnancy tests (control zone)

A

Confirms whether the test was working properly or faulty

36
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies : diagnosing diseases

A

Bind to specific antigens on blood clots or cancer cells. Carry markers that are easy for doctors to see where they build up. This means that they can detect problems before they seriously affect their health e.g. blood test for prostrate cancer

37
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies : medical research

A

Locate or identify specific molecules in a cell or tissue by binding them with a fluorescent dye

38
Q

Other uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

measuring and monitoring hormone levels

39
Q

Uses of monoclonal antibodies : treating diseases

A

Can be used to carry drugs to specific tissues. Bind to antigens in a tumour. Can be used on radioactive isotopes directly to cancerous cells

Biology (9 decks)

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