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Biology > Natural Selection and Genetic Modification > Flashcards

Natural Selection and Genetic Modification Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does Natural Selection mean

A

Survival of the fittest

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2
Q

How do new alleles arise?

A

From mutations

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3
Q

How is antibiotic resistance in Bacteria evidence for evolution?

A

It makes the bacteria better adapted to an environment in which antibiotics are present

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4
Q

How are fossils evidence for evolution?

A

By arranging them in chronological order (the deeper the fossils, the older they are), scientists can observe gradual changes in features, providing evidence for evolution.

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5
Q

Which ship did Charles Darwin spend 5 years aboard, studying the plants and animals of the areas they visited?

A

HMS Beagle

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6
Q

Who else helped Charles Darwin in discovering the theory of evolution?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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7
Q

Give 3 areas in which Darwin and Wallace’s findings influence modern Biology.

A

Classification, antibiotic resistance and conservation

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8
Q

Was Lucy’s brain size similar in size to a chimp or human brain?

A

Chimp

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9
Q

How old is the fossil ‘Ardi’?

A

4.4 million years

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10
Q

What species is Turkana Boy?

A

Homo erectus

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11
Q

List the 3 fossil Hominids in order from oldest to youngest.

A

Ardi, Lucy, Turkana Boy

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12
Q

Give examples of tools used by Homo neanderthalis.

A

Flint tools, pointed tools and wooden spears

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13
Q

Give 3 ways scientists can work out how old an ancient stone tool or fossil hominid is.

A

Looking at the structural features
Using stratigraphy- the study of rock layers
Carbon-14 dating

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14
Q

How many digits does a pentadactyl limb have?

A

5

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15
Q

How do pentadactyl limbs provide evidence for evolution?

A

The similarity in bone structure provides evidence that species with a pentadacyl limb have all evolved from a common ancestor that had a pentadacyl limb.

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16
Q

Give the order of classification, starting with kingdom.

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

17
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms.

A

Animals, Plants, Fungi, Prokaryotes and Protists

18
Q

Why is the 5 kingdom classification system now out of date?

A

Technology has allowed us to further our understanding of biochemical processes and the sequence of DNA bases.

19
Q

What 3 domains are being proposed by Carl Woese?

A

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

20
Q

What is selective breeding?

A

When humans artificially select the plants or animals that are going to breed.

21
Q

Give 2 advantages of selective breeding.

A

Can improve yields, Can be used in medical research for things like cancer and diabetes.

22
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Reduces the gene pool so breeders forced to inbreed

All organisms die if a new disease appears because all are the same.

23
Q

What does growing plants using tissue cultures involve?

A

Growing cells on an artificial growth medium

24
Q

Why are animal tissue cultures useful in medical research?

A

You can carry out all kinds of experiments on tissues in isolation

25
Q

What is used in Genetic Engineering to cut and bind DNA pieces?

A

Restriction enzymes

26
Q

What is used to insert the genetically engineered DNA back into the organism?

A

Vectors like bacteria of protists

27
Q

How can Genetic Modification be useful in Agrilculture?

A

Crops can be made resistant to herbicides

28
Q

How can Genetic Modification be useful in Medicine?

A

Can transfer human genes that produce useful proteins into cows and sheep.

29
Q

What does GMO stand for?

A

Genetically Modified Organism

30
Q

How was Golden Rice genetically modified?

A

Genetically modified to produce a chemical that is converted in the body into Vitamin A

31
Q

Give 2 other ways yield can be increased.

A

Biological control and fertilisers.

Biology (10 decks)

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