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Biology > Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines > Flashcards

Health, Disease and the Development of Medicines Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the WHO definition of Health

A

A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease.

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2
Q

Can communicable diseases be spread?

A

YES

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3
Q

Name 3 communicable diseases

A

Eg: Cholera, TB, Malaria, Stomach Ulcers, Ebola, Chalara Ash dieback.

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4
Q

Name 3 non-communicable diseases

A
  • Cancer
  • Alzheimer’s.
  • Asthma.
  • Cataracts.
  • Chronic Kidney Disease.
  • Chronic Lung Disease.
  • Diabetes.
  • Fibromyalgia.
  • Heart Disease.
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5
Q

Is malaria caused by a virus, bacteria, protist or fungus?

A

Protist

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6
Q

How could you prevent cholera?

A

Clean Water Supplies

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7
Q

What is chalara ash dieback caused by?

A

Fungus

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8
Q

Why are viruses not cells?

A

They are no more than a protein coat and a strand of genetic material.

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9
Q

What are the steps in the lytic cycle?

A
  • 1- attachment. attach to the cell mainly bacterial cell.
  • 2-penetration. only nucleic acid is injected into the cell through the hole caused by the tail fibres and enzymes.
  • 3- synthesis. replication of viral nucleic acid and protein and envelope.
  • 4- assembly.
  • 5- release.
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10
Q

Why do Chlamydia bacteria behave like viruses?

A

They can only reproduce inside host cells

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11
Q

How does HIV lead to AIDS?

A

It weakens the immune system so much it can’t fight disease.

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12
Q

Name 2 physical defences plants have

A

Waxy Cuticle

Cell Walls

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13
Q

Name 2 chemical defences plants have

A

Antiseptics

Chemicals to deter pests

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14
Q

Name 2 chemical defences humans have

A

Hydrochloric acid

Lysozyme in tears

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15
Q

Name 2 physical defences humans have

A

Skin

Hairs and mucus in nose and lungs

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16
Q

How do B-lymphocytes detect pathogens?

A

Antigens are detected on the pathogen

Cells then produce antibodies which lock onto antigens this kills the pathogen.

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17
Q

Why do you need 2 immunisations to the same disease?

A

It makes the immune response faster and stronger.

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18
Q

Name a pro for immunisation.

A

1) Epidemics can be avoided by herd immunity

2) Some diseases have been wiped out by immunisation

19
Q

Name a con for immunisation

A

1) Doesn’t always work

2) Can have a bad reaction

20
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of antibodies that have been made in laboratories. They have a number of different uses. They need to be made in large numbers to work properly.

21
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies made?

A

Mouse is injected with antigen
B lymphocytes taken from mouse
Fused with Cancer call to create a hybridoma which divides quickly o produce monoclonal antibodies.

22
Q

Name 3 uses for Monoclonal antibodies

A

Pregnancy tests
Identify Cancer cells
Treat cancer
Identify Blood clots

23
Q

Why is it better to use Monoclonal antibodies not Chemotherapy to treat cancer?

A

Not as many unwanted side effects.

24
Q

How do Antibiotics treat Bacterial Infections?

A

Inhibits processes with the bacteria.

25
Q

What is the purpose of Preclinical testing?

A

To check it won’t harm body cells.

26
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better but they don’t get the actual drug.

27
Q

What can bacteria be grown on?

A

Agar jelly/plate

28
Q

Why don’t you leave the bacteria higher than 25C in the core practical when cultivating a colony?

A

So unwanted bacteria don’t grow.

29
Q

How do you perform Aseptic technique?

A 
Sterilisation
Pass the inoculating loop through a flame
Keep bacteria in a container with a lid.
Keep Petri dish covered with a lid
Store Petri dish upside down.
30
Q

Calculate the inhibition zone if the diameter is 24mm.

A

452.3893421

31
Q

What drug, found in cigarettes, increases heart rate and blood pressure?

A

Nicotine

32
Q

Name a major risk factor associated with cardiovascular disease.

A

Smoking, alcohol, lack of exercise, diet high in fat

33
Q

Name 2 risk factors of obesity.

A

Low exercise and diet high in sugar and fat.

34
Q

Name a local effect of non-communicable disease.

A

Pressure on hospitals

35
Q

Name a national effect of non-communicable disease.

A

NHS suffers, reduction in people at work

36
Q

Name a international effect of non-communicable disease.

A

Number one cause of death.

37
Q

Calculate the body mass index (BMI) of someone who is 69.4kg and 169cm tall.

A

24.29886909

38
Q

Is someone with a BMI of 29.54 Overweight?

A

Yes

39
Q

Why is BMI inaccurate for muscular athletes?

A

Muscle weighs more than fat

40
Q

Calculate the waist-to-hip ratio of a women who has a waist of 59cm and a hip of 81cm. Have they got abdominal obesity?

A

0.728395061

NO

41
Q

What is cardiovascular disease?

A

Any disease associated with your heart or blood vessels.

42
Q

Name 3 ways to treat cardiovascular disease.

A

Lifestyle changes
Drugs
Surgical Procedures

43
Q

What is an advantage of Surgical Procedures?

A

Effective

44
Q

What is a disadvantage of Surgical Procedures?

A 
Rejection
Side effects
Bleeding
Clots
Infection

Biology (10 decks)

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