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Biology > Exchange and Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Exchange and Transport in Animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Name 3 things organisms need to exchange with their environment.

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Water, Urea

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2
Q

Calculate the surface area of a 4mm x 5mm x 8mm cell.

A

184mm^2

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3
Q

Calculate the volume of a 4mm x 5mm x 8mm cell.

A

160mm^3

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4
Q

Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of a 4mm x 5mm x 8mm cell.

A

23:20

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5
Q

Name 3 things that effect the rate of diffusion

A

Surface area, Thickness of the membrane and the concentration difference.

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6
Q

State Fick’s Law

A

Rate of diffusion is proportional to (Surface area x difference in concentration) / thickness of surface exchange.

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7
Q

Briefly describe how gas exchange happens in the alveoli.

A
  1. Blood with not a lot of Oxygen enters the alveoli.

2. Oxygen diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood and the Carbon Dioxide diffuses out.

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8
Q

Name 3 adaptations of the alveoli.

A

Moist lining for dissolving gases
Good blood supply to maintain gradients of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
Very thin walls
Large Surface area

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9
Q

What is the job of the Red Blood Cells?

A

To carry oxygen

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10
Q

What shape are Red blood cells?

A

Biconcave disc

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11
Q

Why do erythrocytes not have a nucleus?

A

More space for Oxygen and haemoglobin.

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12
Q

Name 2 types of White Blood Cells

A

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

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13
Q

What do Phagocytes do?

A

Engulf microorganisms

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14
Q

What do Lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies and antitoxins

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15
Q

What are platelets?

A

Small fragments of dead cells

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16
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help blood Clot

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17
Q

What does the Plasma do?

A

Carries Everything in the blood.

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18
Q

What does the plasma hold?

A 
Red and White blood cells
Platelets
Nutrients
Carbon dioxide
Urea
Hormones
Proteins
Antibodies and antitoxins
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19
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

Away from the heart

20
Q

What are the capillaries involved in?

A

The exchange of materials at the tissues

21
Q

Where do the veins carry blood?

A

To the heart

22
Q

Name an adaptation of the arteries

A

Thick layers of muscle to make them strong and elastic fibres

23
Q

True of False? Arteries carry blood under high pressure.

A

TRUE

24
Q

How thick are capillary walls?

A

1 cell thick

25
Q

Why are Capillaries so small?

A

To minimise diffusion distance because they can squeeze into small gaps so every cell gets oxygen

26
Q

Which blood vessel has valves?

A

Veins

27
Q

Name an adaptation of veins

A

Elastic fibres and smooth muscle and a large lumen

28
Q

Name an animal with a single circulatory system

A

Fish

29
Q

Which blood vessels in the heart carries blood containing more oxygen?

A

Pulmonary vein and the aorta

30
Q

Which blood vessels in the heart carries blood containing less oxygen?

A

Pulmonary artery and the vena cava.

31
Q

Name the 4 valves in the heart.

A

Tricuspid Valve, Bicuspid valve, semi-lunar valves

32
Q

Why is the muscle on the left side thicker than the muscle on the right side?

A

Because that side has to pump blood around the body.

33
Q

What is Cardiac Output?

A

The total volume of blood pumped by a ventricle each minute

34
Q

What is Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle each time it contracts.

35
Q

Calculate cardiac output if stroke volume is 62cm^3 and their heart rate is 54bpm.

A

3348cm^3min^-1

36
Q

Calculate stroke volume if the cardiac output is 3475cm^3min^-1 and heart rate is 55bpm

A

63.18cm^3

37
Q

Calculate heart rate if Cardiac output is 5230cm^3min^-1 and stroke volume is 55cm^3.

A

95bpm

38
Q

What is respiration?

A

The process of transferring energy from the breakdown of molecules like glucose.

39
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon dioxide+water

C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+H2O

40
Q

What is the most efficient way of transferring energy from glucose?

A

Aerobic respiration.

41
Q

What doesn’t Anaerobic respiration use?

A

Oxygen

42
Q

What is produced when glucose is only partly broken down?

A

Lactic Acid

43
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose->Lactic acid

44
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?

A

Glucose->Ethanol+Carbon Dioxide

45
Q

Describe an experiment to investigate the rate of respiration.

A

The apparatus consists of two tubes, one containing the living organisms and the other with glass beads to act as a control.
Both tubes contain an alkali such as sodium hydroxide to absorb any carbon dioxide given off during respiration. This ensures that any volume changes measured in the experiment are due to oxygen uptake only.
Once the apparatus has been set up, the movement of the coloured liquid towards the insect will give a measure of the volume of oxygen taken up by the insect for respiration.
The reduction of volume in the tube increases pressure causing the coloured liquid to move.
The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured will provide the volume of oxygen taken in by the insect per minute.
Volume is given by volume of a cylinder , where is the distance moved by the coloured liquid. The unit of rate of respiration is cm3/min.

Biology (10 decks)

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