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Biology > Cells and Cell Control > Flashcards

Cells and Cell Control Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do Chromosomes contain?

A

Genetic information

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2
Q

What are Chromosomes coiled up lengths of?

A

DNA molecules

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3
Q

What is it called when cells divide?

A

Mitosis

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4
Q

What does the cell cycle do?

A

Makes new cells for growth and repair

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5
Q

What do some multicellular organisms uses mitosis for ?

A

Reproduction

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6
Q

What is the first phase in mitosis?

A

Interphase

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7
Q

What is the second phase in mitosis?

A

Prophase

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8
Q

What is the third phase in mitosis?

A

Metaphase

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9
Q

What is the fourth phase in mitosis?

A

Anaphase

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10
Q

What is the last phase in mitosis?

A

Telophase

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11
Q

What does the cytoplasm and cell membrane do before the telophase ends?

A

Divide to form 2 separate cells

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12
Q

What is the process of forming two separate cells called?

A

Cytokinesis

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13
Q

What is formed after mitosis is complete?

A

2 daughter cells which are genetically identical diploid cells?

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14
Q

What does growth involve?

A

Cell Division, differentiation and elongation

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15
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process where a cell becomes specialised for its job

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16
Q

What is cell division?

A

Mitosis

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17
Q

What is cell elongation?

A

Where a plant cell expands

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18
Q

How does all growth in animals happen?

A

By cell division

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19
Q

How does all growth in plants happen?

A

By cell elongation

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20
Q

How is cancer formed?

A

Uncontrolled cell division

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21
Q

What is a mass of abnormal cells called?

A

Tumour

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22
Q

What happens when a tumour invades and destroys surrounding tissue?

A

Causes cancer

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23
Q

What are percentile charts used to monitor?

A

Monitor growth

24
Q

What measurements are taken to use the percentile chart?

A

Length, mass and head circumference

25
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into different types of cells

26
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

In human embryos or bone marrow

27
Q

What are meristems?

A

Plant stem cells

28
Q

How can stem cells be used medicinally?

A

To cure disease e.g. sickle cell anaemia can be cured by a bone marrow transplant- the adult stem cells

29
Q

What risks are there with stem cell treatment?

A

Tumour development, disease transmission, rejection and ethical issues

30
Q

What do the brain and the spinal cord make up?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

31
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain?

A

Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Medulla oblongata.

32
Q

What is the cerebrum control?

A

Controls muscles, movement, intelligence, memory, language and vision

33
Q

What does the cerebellum control?

A

Muscle coordination and balance

34
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control?

A

Unconscious activities like breathing and heart rate

35
Q

Why can treating problems in the CNS be tricky?

A

Hard to repair damage, not easy to access, treatment can lead to permanent damage

36
Q

What do PET scanners use to produce images of the body?

A

Radioactive chemicals

37
Q

What do CT scanners use to produce images of the body?

A

X-rays

38
Q

What is the order in which a stimulus leads to a response.

A

Stimulus, Receptor, Sensory Neurone, CNS, Motor Neurone, Effector, Response.

39
Q

Does a Sensory neurone have a long or short Dendron.

A

Long

40
Q

What does the myelin Sheath do?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulses.

41
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

The connection between 2 neurones.

42
Q

What helps the electrical impulses over the gap?

A

Neurotransmitter

43
Q

What do synapses help to prevent?

A

Signals going the wrong way.

44
Q

How are reflexes faster?

A

They Bypass the brain and only use the Spinal Chord.

45
Q

Name an example of a reflex in the eye.

A

Iris changes due to high or low light levels.

46
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Refracts light into the eye

47
Q

What are rods sensitive to?

A

Dim light

48
Q

What are cones sensitive to?

A

Colours

49
Q

To look at distant objects, does the ciliary muscle contract or relax?

A

Relaxes

50
Q

Can long-sighted people focus on near or far objects?

A

Far

51
Q

What do you use to correct a long-sighted person?

A

Convex Lens

52
Q

What do you use to correct a short-sighted person?

A

Concave lens

53
Q

Why are some people red-green colour blind?

A

The red and green cones in the retina aren’t working properly.

54
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cloudy patch on the lens

55
Q

How can a cataract be treated?

A

Replacing the lens with an artificial one.

Biology (10 decks)

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