Natural language use as a marker of personality Flashcards
LIWC
- linguistic inquiry and word count
- text analysis program that outputs percent of words used in a text/batch of texts that fall into 1+ of more than 80 grammatical (articles), psycho (pos emotion), and topical (age, sex) categories
- compares each word in ext to internal word lists
- focus on word frequencies not context
benefits of having computerized text analysis
- human coders may have experimenter error/bias assumptions or have a focus/distraction of meaning
- computer has focus only on what lang alone says
dispite difference between first and second half os stories/intro and cllimax, what was found in a study of participants telling 5 min story
- ling fingerprint of speaker tends to remain visible over course of narrative
t or f: people natural lang use is characterized by low degrees of temporal stability and consistency across situations
false it is characterized by a good degree of stability and consistency
stop words
- the function words that make up language style
- usually ignored during automated lang processing
individual differences in lang ____ are usually more psychologically telling and psychometrically parsimonious than differences in lang _____
style, content
language style vs lang content
- style: defined by a person’s use of function words (ie pronouns, articles, conjunctions) and other categories that make up grammar structure of utterances
- content: defined by persons use of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs
t or f: function words tend to be short, frequently used, and have little meaning outside of a conversation’s context
true, bc of this they are processed easily during conversation
content words determine ____ and function words determine ______
a) context of what they say/context of conversation
b) what they say/how they say it
c) how they say it/what they say
b)
examples of articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
- articles: a/an/the
- conjunctions: and/but/bc
- prepositions: in/under/about
content vs function words
- content: directly related to topic of convo (ex nouns, verbs, adjectives, ie working on math will say calculate/solution/etc)
- function: less constrained by topic and shape the style of communication (ex pronouns, prepositions, auxillary verbs)
function words used during convo reliably reflect differences in ____, ____, and ____
social status, honesty, and leadership styles
_____ tend to use more uncertainty phrases (ie I wonder if) and extra polite phrases (ie would you mind) more than ___
women, men
style appears to have the best classification accuracy for which OCEAN trait
neuroticism
personality trait measures by OCEAN are more strongly linked to language ____ rather than language ____
content, style
in studies that look at lab writing/dialogue tasks, lang use falls into what two categories
- tasks w face-valid relevance to personality (ex talk abt event important in shaping identity)
- tasks that attempt more circumspect route (ie describe an object)
language patterns in extraversion
- high: less inhibited, tentative and self focused lang and more positive emotion, and talk more abt social topics
- also, use ,ore immediate first person plural (we) and second person pronouns (you)
language patterns in agreeableness
- linguistic positivity (more pos lang (ie verbs and modifiers) and less neg emotion words) in everyday speech/writing
- use more social words
- may be the most cohesive of OCEAN
- swear less
lang patterns in neuroticism
- high rate of: I-words, negations, and references to sadness/anger/anxiety
- not seen in everyday spoken lang (maybe bc its a socially undesirable trait)
lang patterns in openness
- patterns reflect intellectual aspects not facets related to artistic expression/emo
- use more articles and prepositions and less personal pronouns/references to family/home
- adopt formal not narrative writing style
- conflicted findings for emo + art open vs intellectual/liberal /imaginative
lang patterns in conscientiousness
- swear less and use fewer neg emotion words
- strive to follow societal gender norms that define men as assertive (more you) and women as non-confrontational (less you)
involved-informative dimension of language use
- high rate of verbs and pronouns at involved end
- nouns and prepositions at informative
- informative is more in male lang, scripted speech and formal writing
