chapter 4: learning sounds and patterns Flashcards
children start speaking their first words at ___ and can identify word breaks by ___
1 year, 6-7 months
one of the easiest ways to see if a baby is paying attention is through what
tracking eye movement, they looking direct of and look longer at novel
head turn preference paradigm
- compares how long babies keep their heads turned toward dif stim
- can also go through familiarization and test phases to see if babies have learned stimuli (if they look longer/shorter at repeated stimuli)
- in short: babies turn their heads to orient to sounds and babies spend more time orienting to sounds that they find interesting
age range for head turn preference paradigm
4.5-18 months
- over 18 months becomes fidgety
three goals of familiarization phase of head turn preference paradigm
- have infant become familiar w sound stim
- train baby to expect sounds from right/left
- lock in head turn and auditory attention
what preference did 7.5 month olds have for words when it was in an experiment measuring word separation
- babies preferred words that were repeated in sentences (showing they can determine word breaks)
- 6 month old babes didnt have the ability yet
babies hear single word utterances __% of the time
10
at what age can babies segment words that appear next to familiar words
6 months
phonotactic constraints
- language specific constraints (templates) that determine how the sound of a given language may be combined to form words or syllables
- templates that differ from one language to another
by ___ months babies have some understanding of templates for proper words in their language
9 months
what are the stress patterns for english language
- iambic stress pattern: first syllable is unstressed (reTURN)
- trochaic stress pattern: first syllable is stressed (BLACKmail) - there are more of these
by 7.5 months, babies have no trouble w ____ stress patterns but have difficulty with ____ ones
trochaic, iambic
babies can segment words from an unknown language in as little as ____
2 mins
artificial lang
- ‘lang’ that is constructed to have certain specific properties for purpose of testing hypothesis
- string of sounds correspond to ‘words’
transitional probabilities
- can be applied to syllable sequences
- when the probability that a particular syllable will occur, given the previous occurrence of another particular syllable
- likelihood that one syllable will follow another specific one
which has higher likelihood of predicting the second syllable: when there is a word boundary between the syllables or when they sit within the same word
when they sit within the same word (words are units and there are a finite number of them therefore its easier to predict)
in the study w babies and 2 minute speech, the transitional probability for within words was ___ and between word boundaries was ___
1.0, 0.33
what factors make a difference to how sounds are pronounced
- gender
- speed of speech
- age
- if the speaker is shouting
- who the person is talking to (baby vs person at a bar)
smallest unit of sound that changes meaning of word
phoneme
allophones
two or more similar sounds that are variants of the same phoneme
when sound differences dont change identity of speech unit, they create different ___ of the same phoneme
allophones
minimal pair
when a pair of words have different meanings but the same sounds with an exceptions of one phoneme (eg tan and man)
what three dimensions capture most consonants in english and other languages
- place of articulation
- manner of articulation
- voicing
phonation
production of sound by vibrating vocal folds
