chapter 7 speech perception Flashcards
coarticulation
variation in pronunciation of a phoneme that is caused by articulatory properties of neighbouring sounds
perceptual invariance
ability to perceive sounds that have high variable acoustic manifestations as instances of the same sound category
we mentally group clusters of similar sounds that perform the same function into categories called ___ and those categories are broken down into variants called ___ that are part of the same abstract category
phonemes, allophones
places of articulation on the chart of sounds
- bilabial
- labio-dental
- inter-dental
- alveolar
- alveo-palatal
- palatal
- velar
- glottal
manners of articulation in the chart
- stop
- fricative
- affricative
- nasal
- lateral liquid
- retroflex liquid
- glide
states of glottis in the chart
- voiceless
- voiced
categorical perception
- mental categories impose sharp boundaries
- ie you perceive all the sound that fall w in a phoneme category as the same even if they differ in various ways but words that are in dif categories sound clearly different
what subunits of language are there for perception of sign langauges
- hand shape used to articulate the sign
- place on the body where the sign is articulated
- movement involved in making the sign
forced choice identification task
experimental task where ppl must categorize stim as falling into one of two categories, regardless of uncertainty
how to use forced choice identification tasks to test for categorical perception
- have ppl listen to many ex of speech sounds and choose which category they better represent
- sounds vary in VOT
what does a negative VOT mean
vocal folds vibrate starting before release of articulators
which had people with more continuous and which had ppl w more categorical distinctions: word recognition or forced choice between sounds
- word recog: peach and beach = more cont
- sound choice= more categorical
repetition suppression
repetition of the same stim over time leads to decrease in neural activity in regions of the brain that process that type of stim
ABX discrimination task
two sounds are played then a third and ppl have to see if the last sound matches the first or second sound
cue weighting
- process of prioritizing acoustic cues that signal a sound distinction
- paying more attention to some cues over others
main factors of how ppl weight cues
- some cues are more reliable/ signal categories better
- variability matters (small dif or too variable will be ignored)
- some cues are easier to hear
- background noise = less useful
example of using context to better understand sound
- ganong effect ( _ask (d or t), ppl were in favour of the real word)
- mcgurk effect (visual effects perception of sound)
- phoneme restoration effect
ganong effect
- listeners perceive the same ambigious sound dif depending on which word it is embedded w
- sounds must be ‘weak’
phoneme restoration effect
- non-speech sound that shares acoustic properties w a speech sound (ie cough) is heard as both non- and speech sound when embedded within a word
- bc of expectation of the particular sound
in the mcgruk effect, when ppl hear ‘ba’ but someone is mouthing ‘ga’ what do they perceive the sound to be?
da
based on experiments with white noise and familiar voices, what can be said about hearing abilities at parties
you hear your friends better than strangers
which is gender more informative for interpreting: vowel formants or VOT
vowel formants (VOT was roughly average)
burst duration
duration of the burst of noise that follows release of articulators when a stop is produced
