Nationalism

Question 1

19th century nationalism

Answer 1

nationalism
based on cultural surroundings, increasing independence (belguim 1831, greece 1829)

Question 2

20th century nationalism

Answer 2

french revolution, unification in italy, 1919 treaty of versailles, conservative nationalism grew (hitler)

Question 3

21st century nationalism

Answer 3

nazism, fascism, re-emergence of nativism (make america great again)

Question 4

Self Determination

Answer 4

Nations which aspire to self government should be granted sovereignty
States should respect the sovereignty of each nation
Started with Jeans-Jacques Rousseau as a reaction to absolutists monarchy
At the time, many countries were colonies of empires so didn’t have it
Became more important in the 19th century as more empires were dismantled

Question 5

Nation State

Answer 5

A group of people who have a collective identity in a geographical area with clear boundaries which becomes a political entity

Question 6

Liberal nationalists

Answer 6

world of nation states

Question 7

Chauvinistic nationalists

Answer 7

some nations are stronger and are the only one who should benefit - other nations should accept their position as colonies

Question 8

Multinational states

Answer 8

have more than 1 nation within them
Not all have a single national identity - their unity is based on political views (british/english/scottish/irish)
Some nations exist within another nation state and only want respect for their culture (wales)

Question 9

Self determination v. colonialism

Answer 9

becoming an empire has been the aim of monarchs and countries throughout history

Question 10

Civil nationalism

Answer 10

a form of nationalism based on a shared vision of an individual’s duty to observe given laws and in turn receive legal privileges
Johann gottfried von herder said that each nation has its own volksgeist - the spirit of the nation, a unique identity based on unique experiences, history and culture

Question 11

Expansionist nationalist

Answer 11

the idea that one nation’s volksgeist can be superior to that of other nations, therefore justifying imperialism and domination
Herder rejected this idea, writing that ‘notwithstanding the varieties of the human form, there is but one and the same species of man throughout earth’
takes time to develop because someone may know the language and be a citizen by it may take years of absorbing the culture to be genuine
people want to protect a nation’s unique culture, without necessarily focussing on specific ambitions for statehood, for example wales want welsh to be recognised as a language but aren’t as bothered by independence as scotland
It links to patriotism as it may result in a willingness to make sacrifices to promote the country’s best interests

Question 12

Racialism

Answer 12

The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race
Ideas are rooted in the belief that humanity is not one single human race, but can be meaningfully divided into separate races
The differences between races are biological and fixed
The different traits make certain races good/bad at things which creates a hierarchy
Then racial segregation is used to prevent ‘pollution’

Question 13

Internationalism

Answer 13

people of the world should unite and connect across boundaries

Question 14

Liberal internationalism

Answer 14

the idea that sovereign nations should cooperate and create a level of independence to avoid international conflict

Aim for a world of independent nation states

Assume that independent nations will seek to cooperate with each other as and when they need to - economically, educationally and culturally

Question 15

Socialist internationalism

(Class solidarity?)

Answer 15

class solidarity is more powerful and politically significant than national identity, incompatible with nationalism

Question 16

Marx (nationalism/patriotism

Answer 16

believed nationalism and patriotism were ways of keeping social class, it creates ‘false consciousness’

Question 17

Lenin (capitalism)

Answer 17

believed capitalism survived because the indigenous workers had been ‘brought off’ with increased wages and better conditions as the ‘home community’ exploited the colonies it took

Question 18

Human Nature (civic nationalism)

Answer 18

a rational form of nationalism, as it is based on citizen actively participating in society as equals
It’s rational, inclusive and progressive
It promotes mutual respect for rights and national identities, believing that sovereign nations should cooperate to create interdependence and avoid conflict

Question 19

Human Nature (expansionist nationalism)

Answer 19

More of an emotional, irrational approach to nationalism, with a focus on volksgeist
It takes time to be part of a nation
Expansionist, chauvinistic forms of nationalism are the most irrational

Question 20

The State

Answer 20

All nationalists recognise the role of the state in the sense of a nation state

Question 21

Liberal and anti/postcolonial state

Answer 21

see the nation state as the only legitimate unit of government, advancing freedom from impressionistic domination

Question 22

Liberal internationalist state

Answer 22

seek a world of independent nation states, as this offers the prospect of peace and order if regulated by supranational law and states

Question 23

Expansionist state

Answer 23

reject nation statehood for all, believing it’s only for a privileged few nations that are sufficiently developed

Question 24

Society (civil nationalism)

Answer 24

based on a commitment to a shared vision of society based on civil loyalty where society requires people’s active participation

This represents an inclusive version of society, not based on shared experience
associated with a progressing society, where society is constantly changing/improving

Question 25

Society (culturalism)

Answer 25

based on people sharing cultural values in society

Question 26

Society (chauvinism and racialism)

Answer 26

extreme, where society seeks a divide into 'us' and 'them', which is seen as regressive

Question 27

The economy

Answer 27

A nation state can be defined as a group of people who control their economy

Question 28

Liberal nationalist state

Answer 28

assume that independent nation states want to cooperate economically, leading to peace

Question 29

Socialist internationalist state

Answer 29

argued that nationalism is based on economic exploitation of weak economies by strong capitalist ones

Question 30

Chauvinistic nationalism state

Answer 30

sees other nations as a threat to their survival As such, they support autarky (being economically self sufficient)

Question 31

Most to least rational/civic/inclusive nationalists

Answer 31

Liberal, anti/post colonial, conservative, expansionist and chauvanist

Question 32

Liberal Nationalism example

Answer 32

Was best shown during President Wilson's fourteen-point peace plan proposed in 1918 at the end of the Great War He insisted that all recognised nations were entitled to become free, self governing states

Question 33

Liberal nationalism principles

Answer 33

All recognisable nations are entitled to form a state if they wish The nation-state must be based on the self determination of its people Each state should recognised the right of other free states to exist in peace with them and should not interfere with internal affairs All nation-states should have equal status in the world order

Question 34

Liberal nationalists

Answer 34

accept that all nations have an equal right to their freedom and sovereignty Stresses the equality of nations, that each nations sovereignty should be respected The influence of the enlightenment and its stress on rational thinking and the right of individuals to determine their own free will led nationalists to believe that the nation-states was the ultimate expression of rational government

Question 35

Liberal nationalists accepted ruling families for three reasons

Answer 35

Through fear if they rebelled Through a belief in tradition A lack of any credible theory of government (During enlightenment, this changed)

Question 36

Liberal nationalism state

Answer 36

Hereditary rulers had denied rights in favour of their divine right to rule and rights could only be restored if the people became involved in the establishment of government If rights were to be sacrificed by individuals and granted governments. This had to be through consent First written into the American constitution in 1787

Question 37

Conservative Nationalism (where it exists)

Answer 37

Tends to exist in older nation-states like the UK and France When countries have existed for centuries and their existence has not come under threat for many decades or even centuries, creating a sense of national unity and purpose can be difficult

Question 38

Conservative nationalism example (Putin in Russia)

Answer 38

Tried to play elite liberals and conservatives against each other Liberals deserted him The kremlin is very conservative, less educated and old Nationalism is based on 80% of citizens being ethnically russian but the birth rate is below replacement so relies on migrants

Question 39

Conservative nationalism

Answer 39

Conservatives saw that using nationalism to focus on shared traditions, history and culture could create a common bond within a nation, which could override issues that divided its people

Question 40

Primary concerns of conservative nationalists

Answer 40

Concerned with conserving society as it is; conservative nationalism sees the nation as a focal point of national unity, helping to bind people together Seeks to remind its citizens of what they have in common and what past experiences they share - what historical catastrophes and political storms they have endured together

Question 41

Conservative nationalism - Irrational

Answer 41

The state and associated institutions - such as the monarchy - are a source of unity that embodies the spirit of the nation National celebrations, such as anniversaries of historic victories, commemorate the uniqueness of the culture Encourages an emotional, nostalgic view of the nation and uses rituals and ceremonies to appeal to people's deep cultural connection to their nation In this sense, it's irrational - it's based on emotions, not reason and logic

Question 42

Conservative nationalism - Exclusive

Answer 42

To feel part of the nation, you need to have shared the historical events that bind society together For example, if you weren't in the UK during the Blitz, you can't understand the Blitz spirit People are excluded from feeling part of a nation until they have shared experiences as part of the nation

Question 43

Conservative nationalism - Inward

Answer 43

It aims to defend its own national identity and way of life, rather than concern itself with the interests of other nations To be part of the nation, you must be prepared to give up any customs/traditions of your own that go against the national character

Question 44

Black Nationalism

Answer 44

First introduced by jamaican political leader marcus garvey It looked to the common ancestry of all black people in Africa and sought to foster a sense of nationalism among them There is no suggestion that Africa was ever a nation in the true sense of the word, but Garvey campaigned for the creation of a new kind of nation which crossed boundaries

Question 45

Black nationalism examples

Answer 45

In the USA, Malcolm X created a black nationalist movement that combined islamic principles with racial identity Muhammed Ali was a prominent adherent

Question 46

Anti-Colonial nationalism

Answer 46

indigenous people question and reject colonial authority and power, usually at the same time there is a rise in the sense of nationhood

Question 47

Post - Colonial nationalism

Answer 47

experiences once they have achieved independence

Question 48

Scramble for Africa

Answer 48

To european powers, africa was an untapped natural resource with an undeveloped economy, and the potential to bring in huge profits, along with the opportunity to spread their own culture, language and religion across the globe The Berlin conference (1884-85) aimed to regulate colonisation and trade in africa, and wsa the start of a period when european powers wiped out most autonomous forms of government Before this, only 10% of Africa was under colonial rule, but 1914, the figure was 90%

Question 49

Expansionist Nationalism

Answer 49

There is no clear philosophy behind expansionist nationalism, but these forms tend to exist alongside a belief in chauvinism

Question 50

National chauvinism

Answer 50

the belief in the superiority of one nation, and the inferiority of others

Question 51

Examples of chauvanism

Answer 51

It's typically associated with the fascist regimes in 1930s and 1940s Germany, Italy and Japan, but could also be seen in the scramble for africa The aryan race were the master race, superior to the slavic race who occupied a huge area of east germany, which was full of natural and mineral resources

Question 52

Reasons for expansionist nationalism

Answer 52

expanding into other territories was for economic self-sufficiency (autarky), rejecting any reliance and co-operation with other nations

Question 53

Rational v. Romantic Nationalism

Answer 53

Rational nationalists see the nation as serving the state rather than serving the nation Romantic nationalism stresses the importance of language and culture, with the interests of the nation above those of the state, the state exists to serve the nation and its organic unity

Question 54

Progressive v. Regressive

Answer 54

Progressive seeks to improve society and believe that nationalist sentiment can achieve desired aims Regressive nationalists tend to be backward looking Celebrate a past 'golden age' when the nation was dominant and wish to return to tradition values (Conservative)

Question 55

Inclusive v. Exclusive

Answer 55

Inclusive do not see nationality as a reason for excluding people from the state Exclusive (nativists) stress the shared historical experience of people and resist large scale immigration

Question 56

Liberal v. Conservative

Answer 56

Liberal combines two elements - the freedom of the whole nation and individual freedom Conservative promoted independent nations based on culture, language or religion but do not link this with democracy Conservatives don't only exist in monarchies or authoritarian states

Question 57

Racialism v. Multiculturalism

Answer 57

Racialists stress the division of people into ethnic groups Racial differences are important, sometimes tolerated, sometimes celebrated (UKIP 'identity politics') Multiculturalists believe that cultural differences are not important as far as citizenship is concerned While a variety of cultures may enrich society, the state shouldn't favour races

Question 58

Nationalism v. Internationalism

Answer 58

Nationalism was a dominant force in the 20th century As globalisation picked up, nationalist forces have strengthened against it Internationalism is based on the idea that the problems of the working class were international in nature After WWII, european politicians were interested in an international government (treaty of versailles, UN)

Question 59

Expansionist v. Nativism

Answer 59

When nationalism becomes almost the whole historical destiny of a nation, it can lead to a tendency towards expansionism In the past, this was converted into imperialism and colonisation, but this is no longer a realistic option Nativism is inward looking, it seeks to cut itself off from the world (isolationism) so that it can care for the interests only of its own people

Question 60

The purpose of expansionism

Answer 60

partly defensive - to create a protective ring - and partly a belief that the nation has a historical duty to become the principal regional power

Question 61

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)

Answer 61

Born in geneva The leading member of the 'philosophes', a group of radical thinkers who were a major influence on the French Revolution and upon liberal thinking in general Best known for 'The Social Contract (1762)' Different social contract to hobbes/locke

Question 62

Rousseau - nation

Answer 62

General will argued that governments should be based on the indivisible collective will of the 'community' This notion of community was based on the idea of a national community, a nation

Question 63

Rousseau - self determination

Answer 63

Argued that these communities had the right to govern themselves, so he was associated with the idea of national self determination

Question 64

Rousseau - government

Answer 64

were obliged to listen to the collective will of the people and ensure that it's laws were applied universally and enforced the collective will of the people, not to direct it

Question 65

Rousseau - civic nationalism

Answer 65

argued that the state can only be legitimate when it's based on the active participation of its citizens The social contract was the basis of civic nationalism

Question 66

Johann Gottfried von Herder (1744-1803)

Answer 66

Associated primarily with culturalism Rejected the rational beliefs of liberal forms of nationalism, focusing instead on nations as cultural, organic groups invested in their own unique spirit (volksgeist) At the time, germany was many states, and the movement to unite them was influenced by him

Question 67

Herder - culturalism

Answer 67

suggested that every nation was different and that each had its own unique character and identity that it should pursue and enhance

Question 68

Herder - inclusive nationalism

Answer 68

relations between nations allowed an understanding of other nationalities, and encouraged people to understand what was distinctive about their own nation

Question 69

Herder - volksgeist

Answer 69

identified the people as the root of national culture and special nature that each nation should try to express Argued that nation states are an expressive of cultural differences, not the creator of them

Question 70

Herder - patriotism

Answer 70

attached exceptional importance to the concept of nationality - 'he that has lost his patriotic spirit has lost himself and the whole world's about himself'

Question 71

Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872)

Answer 71

Combined philosophy with heroic political and military action in the pursuit of his ideals Along with his close associate Giuseppe Garibaldi he became the face of italian nationalism and unification - liberating the separate italian states from foreign rule and fusing them into a free independent republic Seen as a liberal nationalist, but this was only partly true

Question 72

Mazzini - nationhood

Answer 72

believed that humans could only express themselves via their nation People had to unite as nations to enjoy their rights; thus human freedom rested first and foremost on the creation of one's own state The nation state was not merely a convenient form of government, but was a partnership of free and equal humans bound together in unity towards a single aim

Question 73

Mazzini - patriotism and action

Answer 73

the nationalist cause had to take precedence over all causes Regarded patriotism as a duty, and love for the fatherland a divine mission Rejected intellectualism and rationalism and created an idea known as 'thought and action' in which every thought must be followed by an action

Question 74

Mazzini - spirituality

Answer 74

Mazzini - spirituality

Question 75

Charles Maurras (1868-1952)

Answer 75

Influenced by the turbulent aftermath of france losing the franco-prussian war in 1870, swiftly followed by the paris commune of 1871 Was a key advocated of integral nationalism, a form of right wing nationalism that influenced the ideas of fascism (exclusive, racialism, nativism)

Question 76

Maurras - integral nationalism

Answer 76

political ideas were based on integral nationalism and some of its qualities include anti individualism and aggressive nationalism Integral nationalist states were usually totalitarian, where the state dominates all aspects of society Mussolini's italy was the first example of such a society, japan in the 1940s

Question 77

Maurras - individualism

Answer 77

rejected individualism as it led to individuals thinking only of their best interests, rather than the nation and their place in it He believed that the french revolution had contributed to this malaise

Question 78

Maurras - militarism

Answer 78

integral nationalism often results after a nation had achieved independence and established a state Often, these countries have a strong military ethos, which became entrenched through the struggle for independence

Question 79

Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Answer 79

Was an early advocate of pan-africanism, founding the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and well as pioneering black nationalism

Question 80

Garvey - black pride

Answer 80

encouraged african people around the world to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind Believed that african people around the world were one people and that they would never progress if they did not put aside their cultural/ethnic differences Ultimate dream of united states of africa

Question 81

Garvey - Pan-africanism

Answer 81

wished to inspire a global mass-movement and economic empowerment focussing on africa, where he sought to end imperialist rule and create modern societies

Question 82

Garvey - economy

Answer 82

Argued that black people would be respected only when they were economically strong and proposed an independent black economy Connected black communities on three continents with his newspaper Negro World and formed Black Star Line Shipping company to provide transport and to encourage trade among black businesses of africa and the americas

Question 83

Garvey - separatism

Answer 83

was a supporter of racial separation but he believed that humans were all equal and did not wish to create a hostile atmosphere with white people

Question 84

Garvey - economy

Answer 84

Argued that black people would be respected only when they were economically strong and proposed an independent black economy Connected black communities on three continents with his newspaper Negro World and formed Black Star Line Shipping company to provide transport and to encourage trade among black businesses of africa and the americas

Question 85

Garvey - separatism

Answer 85

was a supporter of racial separation but he believed that humans were all equal and did not wish to create a hostile atmosphere with white people

Question 86

Herder - human nature

Answer 86

people see their own identity in terms of the collective identity of a cultural group with common language and history

Question 87

Herder - the state

Answer 87

atates can only be rightfully based upon the collective identity of a people with common cultural and linguistic heritage

Question 88

Herder - society

Answer 88

is a cultural concept. It is based on a shared sense of culture and national heritage

Question 89

Rousseau - human nature

Answer 89

people are rational beings who desire their own freedom

Question 90

Rousseau - state

Answer 90

the basis of any legitimate state has to be the nation. The nation is the vehicle for self determination

Question 91

Rousseau - society

Answer 91

political society must be based on national self determination

Question 92

Mazzini - human nature

Answer 92

people have a romantic vision of their origins. They seek liberty, but it's contained in the liberty of the people to which they belong

Question 93

Mazzini - state

Answer 93

s a romantic ideal, the ultimate expression of the unity of a people

Question 94

Mazzini - society

Answer 94

must allow personal freedom to flourish. Individuals can be free only if a whole society is also free

Question 95

Mazzini - economic

Answer 95

economic freedom is a natural result of general freedom enjoyed by nations and their peoples

Question 96

Maurras - human nature

Answer 96

ethnic identity is a key aspect to our consciousness

Question 97

Maurras - state

Answer 97

various states do not have equal status. Some peoples and states are superior to others

Question 98

Maurras - society

Answer 98

is based on a shared sense of ethnicity. Some societies are superior forms of civilisation to others

Question 99

Maurras - economy

Answer 99

the superior culture of one nation naturally leads to the economic dominance of that nation over weaker nations

Question 100

Garvey - human nature

Answer 100

all people are part of either a white race or black race. Though the white has dominated the black, the latter can claim a superior history and culture

Question 101

Garvey - state

Answer 101

are largely artificial constructs, the products of white supremacy. The only meaningful state should be the united black peoples of the world

Question 102

Garvey - society

Answer 102

black society will be superior to white society once the colonial oppression of black people is defeated

Question 103

Garvey - economic

Answer 103

opposed both international capitalism, which leads to imperialism, and communism, which leads to dictatorship. Black peoples should set up their own form of capitalism for their own benefit.