Nationalism Flashcards
19th century nationalism
nationalism
based on cultural surroundings, increasing independence (belguim 1831, greece 1829)
20th century nationalism
french revolution, unification in italy, 1919 treaty of versailles, conservative nationalism grew (hitler)
21st century nationalism
nazism, fascism, re-emergence of nativism (make america great again)
Self Determination
Nations which aspire to self government should be granted sovereignty
States should respect the sovereignty of each nation
Started with Jeans-Jacques Rousseau as a reaction to absolutists monarchy
At the time, many countries were colonies of empires so didn’t have it
Became more important in the 19th century as more empires were dismantled
Nation State
A group of people who have a collective identity in a geographical area with clear boundaries which becomes a political entity
Liberal nationalists
world of nation states
Chauvinistic nationalists
some nations are stronger and are the only one who should benefit - other nations should accept their position as colonies
Multinational states
have more than 1 nation within them
Not all have a single national identity - their unity is based on political views (british/english/scottish/irish)
Some nations exist within another nation state and only want respect for their culture (wales)
Self determination v. colonialism
becoming an empire has been the aim of monarchs and countries throughout history
Civil nationalism
a form of nationalism based on a shared vision of an individual’s duty to observe given laws and in turn receive legal privileges
Johann gottfried von herder said that each nation has its own volksgeist - the spirit of the nation, a unique identity based on unique experiences, history and culture
Expansionist nationalist
the idea that one nation’s volksgeist can be superior to that of other nations, therefore justifying imperialism and domination
Herder rejected this idea, writing that ‘notwithstanding the varieties of the human form, there is but one and the same species of man throughout earth’
takes time to develop because someone may know the language and be a citizen by it may take years of absorbing the culture to be genuine
people want to protect a nation’s unique culture, without necessarily focussing on specific ambitions for statehood, for example wales want welsh to be recognised as a language but aren’t as bothered by independence as scotland
It links to patriotism as it may result in a willingness to make sacrifices to promote the country’s best interests
Racialism
The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race
Ideas are rooted in the belief that humanity is not one single human race, but can be meaningfully divided into separate races
The differences between races are biological and fixed
The different traits make certain races good/bad at things which creates a hierarchy
Then racial segregation is used to prevent ‘pollution’
Internationalism
people of the world should unite and connect across boundaries
Liberal internationalism
the idea that sovereign nations should cooperate and create a level of independence to avoid international conflict
Aim for a world of independent nation states
Assume that independent nations will seek to cooperate with each other as and when they need to - economically, educationally and culturally
Socialist internationalism
(Class solidarity?)
class solidarity is more powerful and politically significant than national identity, incompatible with nationalism
Marx (nationalism/patriotism
believed nationalism and patriotism were ways of keeping social class, it creates ‘false consciousness’
Lenin (capitalism)
believed capitalism survived because the indigenous workers had been ‘brought off’ with increased wages and better conditions as the ‘home community’ exploited the colonies it took
Human Nature (civic nationalism)
a rational form of nationalism, as it is based on citizen actively participating in society as equals
It’s rational, inclusive and progressive
It promotes mutual respect for rights and national identities, believing that sovereign nations should cooperate to create interdependence and avoid conflict
Human Nature (expansionist nationalism)
More of an emotional, irrational approach to nationalism, with a focus on volksgeist
It takes time to be part of a nation
Expansionist, chauvinistic forms of nationalism are the most irrational
The State
All nationalists recognise the role of the state in the sense of a nation state
Liberal and anti/postcolonial state
see the nation state as the only legitimate unit of government, advancing freedom from impressionistic domination
Liberal internationalist state
seek a world of independent nation states, as this offers the prospect of peace and order if regulated by supranational law and states
Expansionist state
reject nation statehood for all, believing it’s only for a privileged few nations that are sufficiently developed
Society (civil nationalism)
based on a commitment to a shared vision of society based on civil loyalty where society requires people’s active participation
This represents an inclusive version of society, not based on shared experience
associated with a progressing society, where society is constantly changing/improving
Society (culturalism)
based on people sharing cultural values in society
Society (chauvinism and racialism)
extreme, where society seeks a divide into ‘us’ and ‘them’, which is seen as regressive
The economy
A nation state can be defined as a group of people who control their economy
Liberal nationalist state
assume that independent nation states want to cooperate economically, leading to peace
Socialist internationalist state
argued that nationalism is based on economic exploitation of weak economies by strong capitalist ones
Chauvinistic nationalism state
sees other nations as a threat to their survival
As such, they support autarky (being economically self sufficient)
Most to least rational/civic/inclusive nationalists
Liberal, anti/post colonial, conservative, expansionist and chauvanist
Liberal Nationalism example
Was best shown during President Wilson’s fourteen-point peace plan proposed in 1918 at the end of the Great War
He insisted that all recognised nations were entitled to become free, self governing states
Liberal nationalism principles
All recognisable nations are entitled to form a state if they wish
The nation-state must be based on the self determination of its people
Each state should recognised the right of other free states to exist in peace with them and should not interfere with internal affairs
All nation-states should have equal status in the world order
Liberal nationalists
accept that all nations have an equal right to their freedom and sovereignty
Stresses the equality of nations, that each nations sovereignty should be respected
The influence of the enlightenment and its stress on rational thinking and the right of individuals to determine their own free will led nationalists to believe that the nation-states was the ultimate expression of rational government
Liberal nationalists accepted ruling families for three reasons
Through fear if they rebelled
Through a belief in tradition
A lack of any credible theory of government
(During enlightenment, this changed)
Liberal nationalism state
Hereditary rulers had denied rights in favour of their divine right to rule and rights could only be restored if the people became involved in the establishment of government
If rights were to be sacrificed by individuals and granted governments. This had to be through consent
First written into the American constitution in 1787
Conservative Nationalism (where it exists)
Tends to exist in older nation-states like the UK and France
When countries have existed for centuries and their existence has not come under threat for many decades or even centuries, creating a sense of national unity and purpose can be difficult
Conservative nationalism example (Putin in Russia)
Tried to play elite liberals and conservatives against each other
Liberals deserted him
The kremlin is very conservative, less educated and old
Nationalism is based on 80% of citizens being ethnically russian but the birth rate is below replacement so relies on migrants
Conservative nationalism
Conservatives saw that using nationalism to focus on shared traditions, history and culture could create a common bond within a nation, which could override issues that divided its people
Primary concerns of conservative nationalists
Concerned with conserving society as it is; conservative nationalism sees the nation as a focal point of national unity, helping to bind people together
Seeks to remind its citizens of what they have in common and what past experiences they share - what historical catastrophes and political storms they have endured together
Conservative nationalism - Irrational
The state and associated institutions - such as the monarchy - are a source of unity that embodies the spirit of the nation
National celebrations, such as anniversaries of historic victories, commemorate the uniqueness of the culture
Encourages an emotional, nostalgic view of the nation and uses rituals and ceremonies to appeal to people’s deep cultural connection to their nation
In this sense, it’s irrational - it’s based on emotions, not reason and logic