Nationalism Flashcards
Speculators
people seeking big profits from risky investments
Rule of Law
No one is above the law
Nation-state
majority of its citizens often share common cultures, traditions, and languages; different from nation, which lacks ability to self-govern.
Factors that shape nationalism (5)
Shared history, geography, politics, economy, political/economic/social status
Egalitarianism
Equal treatment across gender, religion, economic status, and political beliefs
Vengeance
revenge, retribution, avenge
Reign of terror (What and Date)
September 1793 - July 1794
“Terror is the order of day”
Committees of surveillance, mandated execution for those deemed guilty (suspended suspect rights)
Archetypical division between left and right: Which side supported royal veto? When was this division inaugurated?
Supporters of royal veto sat on RIGHT
It was inaugurated during the vote in the National Assembly in 1789 on the introduction in the Constitution of a royal veto to parliamentary decisions.
Why were the transformations in France so accelerated during the Revolution?
- Pressure of war
- Sans culottes
- Debate clubs
- Paris Commune (municipal government) had become a serious counterpower to the Assembly, with a military force at its disposal: Refusing to take orders from the central French government
Members of Jacobin club
Gilbert du Motier de La Fayette
Brissot
Alexandre Sabès Pétion
Maximilien Robespierre
Royal family flee: When, where
- June 21, 1791
- Flee its “captivity” in the Tuileries Palace and escape across the Belgian border
- found in town of Varennes
Periods + Dates:
MODERATE
1. _____________(_____________)
- declaration of_____ of _______
- abolished ________
- just ______, not destroy _________
RADICAL
2. _____________(_____________)
- _______ monarchy
- ____ on European monarchs
3. _____________(_____________)
- Republic
- raised army
- all men could _____
- gave _______ of nobility to commons
CONSERVATIVE
4. _____________(_____________)
- Republic
- Appointed ________ as commander of army in Italy
5. _____________(_____________)
Periods + Dates:
MODERATE
1. National assembly (1789-1791)
- declaration of rights of man
- abolished feudalism
- just reform, not destroy monarchism
RADICAL
2. Legislative Assembly (1791-1792)
- limited monarchy
- war on European monarchs
3. National Convention/Committee of Public Safety (1792-1795)
- Republic
- raised army
all men could vote
- gave property of nobility to commons
CONSERVATIVE
4. Directory (1795-1799)
- Republic
- Appointed Napoleon as commander of army in Italy
5. Napoleonic (1799-1815)
September Massacre: year, what
1792
- A wave of killings in Paris and other cities in late summer 1792
- partially triggered by a fear that foreign and royalist armies would attack Paris
- tolerated by city government Paris Commune
Brunswick Manifesto: What
- Date: July 25, 1792
- To: population of Paris during the War of the First Coalition.
- From: Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, commander of the Allied Army (principally Austrian and Prussian)
- Proclamation threatened that if the French royal family were harmed, French civilians would be harmed.
- Intention: intimidate Paris, but instead helped spur radical French Revolution.
3 groups of radicals:
Jacobins, Girodins, Cordeliers (later konwn as Montagnards [The Mountains])
Committee of Public Safety Date, why; Who originally dominated the committe?
April 6, 1793
France was beset by foreign and civil war.
Originally dominated by Georges Danton, who pursued a policy of moderation and reconciliation but who failed to deal adequately with the precarious military situation. Replaced by radical Maximilien Robespierre.
Red flag symbol
Adopted by the left as the symbol of resistance to oppression.
Used by La Fayette as a symbol of martial law, warning rioters to disperse
Societé des amis de la Constitution
Jacobins
Whose motto is “vivre libre ou mourir” (Live free or die)
Jacobins
Insurrection of 10 August 1792: What happened during and after? What was created?
- armed revolutionaries in Paris stormed the Tuileries Palace.
- Led to abolishment of the monarchy and establish a REPUBLIC.
- Legislative Assembly became national convention
War of the First Coalition
A 1792–1797 military conflict that was the first attempt by the European monarchies to defeat the French First Republic. France declared war on the Habsburg Monarchy of Austria on April 20, 1792, and the Kingdom of Prussia joined the Austrian side a few weeks later. The two monarchies were joined by Great Britain and several smaller European states.
War of the Second Coalition
A 1798–1802 conflict that was the second war on revolutionary France by the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Naples. Their goal was to contain the spread of chaos from France, but they failed to overthrow the revolutionary regime and French territorial gains since 1793 were confirmed.
Two periods that divided the Revolutionary Wars of France (1792-1802)
Did King Leopold II (died in 1792) help his sister Marie Antionette with intervention against France?
No, he resisted the plea of his sister.
Members of Cordeliers
Jean-Paul Marat
Georges Danton
What Is the Third Estate?
A political pamphlet written in January 1789, shortly before the outbreak of the French Revolution, by French thinker and clergyman Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès. The pamphlet was Sieyès’ response to finance minister Jacques Necker’s invitation for writers to state how they thought the Estates-General should be organized.
Direct government tax
Taille
Leader of group that overthre Robespierre
Barras
1st commander of the national guard
LaFayette
Encyclopedia editor, critic of Ancien Regime
Denis Diderot
Turgot vs Necker
Turgot: appointed Controller-General of Finances in 1774
Necker: 1777 Swiss director-general of the finances (could not be controller because of his Protestant faith.)
In conclusion: Turgot = Radical Reform Approach VS Necker = Loans And Debt
Parlements
Like the “Supreme Court”
supreme courts of law in pre-revolutionary France
Provincial appellate courts in the France of the Ancien Régime
NOT LEGISLATIVE BODY, but court of final appeal
What was the parliament during the French Revolution?
National Assembly
Early leader of 3rd Estate
Mirabeau & Abbe Sieyes
Radical who organized September Massacre
Marat
Sun King
Louis XIV, not XVI
Wealthiest class of third estate, and what did they believe in
Bourgeoisie
Believe in Enlightenment ideals of equality and social justice
Resented privileges of nobles
Women’s march on Versailles date
October 1789
Estates general meeting date
May to June 1789
Fraternity
Feelings of Mutual support and friendship
US Declaration of Independence VS French Declaration of the Rights of Man and CItizen
US:
- Prove a point to oppressors (G.B.)
- achieve freedom and independence from tyranny
- offers protection of god-given rights (mentions ‘creator’)
- colonial greviances known as “crimes” of the crown
- its 27 grievances were intended to prove “to a candid World”—specifically France and Spain—that “these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States.”
France:
- Reminder of what they valued
- no mention of God
Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen is also known as what?
Constitution of 1791
When did France declare war on Austria?
April 1792
Insurrection of 1792 also known as
Second French Revolution
When was King Louis XVI guillotined?
January 21, 1793
March 1793: Which five nations were fighting against France?
Great Britain
Austria
Prussia
Dutch Netherlands
Spain
“Republic of virtue”
Dubbed by Robespierre
In which “our country assured the welfare of each individual and where each individual enjoys with pride the prosperity and glory of the country”
Maximilian Robespierre death
July 7, 1794
Constitution of 1795 established what?
The Directory
Successes and failures of Napoleonic Code (4,2)
Successes:
- unified all the reforms of the revolution
- all men are equal
- freedom of religion
- right to work
Failures:
- state above individual
- no rights for women and children
When was the abolition of Feudal Privileges declared?
1789, at National Constituent Assembly
Consulate
Bridge between French Rev (1879-1799) to First French Emprie (1804-1815)
- headed by Napoleon Bonaparte, who declared himself as FIRST CONSUL
Turning point of European nationalism
French Rev
patriotism vs nationalism
nationalism: extreme, chauvinist (extreme prejudiced support)
“my country is the best in the world, if you don’t agree you’re an enemy of the nation.”
patriotism: love for country, has flaws but can improve
