NATIONAL MINORITIES TBC

Question 1

When was the Polish revolt and what was it opposing?

Answer 1

• 1863 a rise in polish nationalism and demands for political autonomy
• Wiepolski had introduced forced conscription

Question 2

What was the outcome of the polish revolt?

Answer 2

• Rebels used guerilla warfare but failed to gain support, the Russian army gained back control and captured and executed the rebels
• ORIGIN OF RUSSIFICATION

Question 3

What were the Milyutin reforms in 1865?

Answer 3

• Hundreds of polish gentry exiled to siberia and replaced with Russia officials
• Polish pesants emancipated and gained freehold rights to allotted land and paid through a reformed tax system (more favorable than Russian serfs)
• Rural district councils set up, similar to zemstva

Question 4

Did Milyutin’s reforms enhance Polish rights?

Answer 4

• Level of nationalism diminished along with the level of autonomy that the Poles had experienced before the revolt. Poland had officially become a ‘Vistula’ of Russia
• Russian became the official language of administration and govt- taught in schools
• Catholic church was not allowed to communicate with the Vatican to diminish its authority, as some bishops were sympathetic to the rebels

Question 5

How did WWI impact the Poles?

Answer 5

• Poland was free from Russian rule- although independence not granted until Lenin’s signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
• signed armistace with Lenin 1920 for Polish idependence after Russo polish war

Question 6

How did WWII impact the Poles?

Answer 6

• Early stages of WWII the Polish govt were in exile in London- main aim was to ensure no territorial loss by the end of the war.
• After the reveal of the Katyn massacre (22,000 polish officers murdered). Summer 1994 Russians attacked Gers, hoping the Polish home army would damage the Gers and then be able to take Warsaw and install soviet regime
• Post WWII- Stalin set up proxy govt in Poland. Warsaw uprising saw brutal takeover as 150-200,000 civilians died and communist govt enforced

Question 7

How did Khrushchev treat Poland?

Answer 7

• Khrushchev’s secret speech paved way for polish demands for Stalinist politicians in Poland to step down- supported by workers through strikes. Khrushchev agreed in Oct 1956, Gomulka was released from Prison and took over

Question 8

How did each Tsar enforce Russification?

Answer 8

• AII- Polish Revolt 1863 and milyutin reforms became the blueprint
• AIII- spread Russification through Ukraine, Blatic provinces and Caucauses
• NII- continued spread

Question 9

What methods were used by Tsars to Russify?

Answer 9

• Mixture of reforms to appease and use military force
• Emancipation
• Russification- changing language to Russian, preventing religion, education in Russian
• Getting rid of native nobility and replacing with Russians
• Rural district councils set up like in Poland

Question 10

hat methods were used by communists to Russify?

Answer 10

• Allowed to keep own national identity e.g flag
• Ruling class were communists
• Govts in republic answerable to the Sovnarkhom
• Must follow political and economic model set out by Ussr
• Must not interact with West
• Must offer aid to the USSR

Question 11

How were the Fins treated under NII?

Answer 11

• In 1905, Finland was given full autonomy but agreement taken back by Stolypin in same year
• Appointed Bobrikov governor general with the intention to integrate Finland more firmly into Russian Empire. He Russified them by: disbanding the Finnish army, Russia became main language of administration and governance and employed Russian officials in higher levels of government. Bobrikov was assassinated 1904 by terrorists

Question 12

How did Lenin treat the Fins?

Answer 12

In 1917 in Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Finland gained independence. They had a Republican style govenor the Presidency of a man called Stahlberg. In 1923 Finnish Communists established Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic close to Finland and threatened them.

Question 13

What was the treatment of the Fins under Stalin?

Answer 13

• After WWII –signed a Treaty of Friendship, Co-Operation and Mutual Assistance (1948) with Russia. Finns gained neutral status and left alone by USSR
• wanted to set up military bases in Finland –Finland refused. Stalin bombed Helsinki 1939 and started Winter War. This showed Russian weakness although Finland ceded space to Russians, they were not defeated. Set a precedent to Baltic states had to belong to USSR

Question 14

Lesson 3- russification
baltic provinces