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Arborist Exam > National Core Pesticide Manual - Chapter Four > Flashcards

National Core Pesticide Manual - Chapter Four Flashcards

1
Q

Formulation

A

combination of active and inert ingredients that forms an end use pesticide product

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2
Q

Active Ingredients

A

pure / technical grade form, not suitable for applying (can be too toxic, unstable and difficult to handle / transport)

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3
Q

Solubility

A

how readily an active ingredient dissolves in water

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4
Q

Liquid Pesticide Solubility Categories

A

solution, suspension, emulsion

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5
Q

Solution

A

created by dissolving a substance in a liquid - true solutions are mixtures that cannot be separated by mechanical means; once made don’t ‘settle out’ or require agitation - light can pass through

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6
Q

Suspension

A

formed by dispersing fine solid particles in a liquid; they do not dissolve and require agitation to maintain uniform particle distribution - generally opaque

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7
Q

Emulsion

A

mixture made by suspending droplets of one liquid in another; each ingredient retains its unique properties and identity - to make an active ingredient is dissolved in an oil based solvent then further diluted with water, may require agitation - generally MILKY

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8
Q

Concentrates

A

come in both liquid or solid form, must be diluted before use

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9
Q

Emulsifiable Concentrates (E or EC)

A

oil soluble liquid active ingredient, one or more petroleum based solvents and a mixing agent; versatile

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10
Q

EC Advantages

A

ease to handle, transport, store, pour and measure; little agitation required, not abrasive on equipment, does not generally plug screens or nozzles, leaves little visible residue on treated surfaces

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11
Q

EC Disadvantages

A

high concentration makes it easier to over / underdose, can damage treated plant surfaces (phytotoxicity), easily absorbed through skin, spills are difficult to decon, smelly, wear and tear on rubber parts, can damage paints, flammable / corrosive

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12
Q

Solutions (S)

A

active ingredient pesticides that readily dissolve in water or a petroleum based diluent

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13
Q

Ready to Use Low Concentrate Solutions (RTU)

A

require no further dilution before application; small amount of active ingredient

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14
Q

S Advantages

A

convenient, often sold with application device, less personal exposure risk

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15
Q

S Disadvantages

A

limited availability, high cost per unit

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16
Q

Concentrate Solutions (C, LC, or WSC/WSL)

A

concentrates that require dilution with a liquid solvent before you apply them, often water

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17
Q

Concentrate Solution Advantages

A

easy to handle, transport, store, pour and measure; no agitation necessary, not abrasive, does not plug screens or nozzles, does not usually leave visible residue on surfaces

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18
Q

Concentrate Solution Disadvantages

A

limited avail, esp water based, spills difficult to decon, some easily absorbed through skin

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19
Q

Liquid Baits

A

mostly insecticides and rodenticides - generally mixed with water and place in ready to use bait stations

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20
Q

Ultra-Low Volume (ULV)

A

almost 100% active ingredient, designed to be used as is or w/ a very small amount of water

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21
Q

ULV Advantages

A

easy to handle, transport, store; little to no agitation, not abrasive, does not plug equipment little residue

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22
Q

ULV Disadvantages

A

high drift hazard, specialized equipment required, easily absorbed through skin, deteriorates rubber, calibration requires special attention due to concentration

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23
Q

Invert Emulsions

A

contain a water soluble pesticide dispersed in an oil carrier; require a special kind of emulsifier

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24
Q

Invert Emulsions Advantages

A

low drift, increased rate of penetration / absorption, increased rainfastness and reduced runoff

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25
Q

Invert Emulsions Disadvantages

A

difficult to treat the underside of foliage or other targets because droplets are large and heavy, limited availability

26
Q

Flowables (F or AF)

A

some active ingredients are insoluble solids, formulated at flowable (F), most are prepared by impregnating them onto a dry carrier then ground into a fine powder then suspended in a small amount of liquid (THICK)

27
Q

Flowables Advantages

A

easy to handle / apply, low exposure risk, generally not phytotoxic, seldom clog, splashes less likely

28
Q

Flowables Disadvantages

A

may settle and need shaking, difficult to remove all product from empty container, moderate agitation required, may be abrasive on equipment, spills difficult to clean, may leave a visible residue on treated surfaces

29
Q

Aerosols (A)

A

contain one or more active ingredients and a solvent; most contain a low percentage of active ingredients - ready to use and smoke / foggers

30
Q

Ready to Use Aerosols

A

generally small, self contained units that release when a nozzle is triggered - inert pressurized gas pushes pesticide through a fine opening

31
Q

Ready to Use Aerosols Advantages

A

easy, portable, easy to store, convenient to buy and apply a small amount, retain potency

32
Q

Ready to Use Aerosols Disadvantages

A

practical only for a few limited uses, risk of inhalation, hazardous if punctured, may be difficult to direct material released to a single target

33
Q

Formulations for Smoke or Fog Generators

A

not packaged or sold under pressure, used in machines; generally with a spinning disk or heated surface

34
Q

Fogger Advantages

A

easy way to fill large space

35
Q

Fogger Disadvantages

A

highly specialized sites and equipment, difficult to confine to target site or pest, difficult to decon, may require respiratory protection

36
Q

Dusts (D)

A

ready to use, low percentage of active ingredient; usually mixed with a dry inert carrier before application - ALWAYS USE DRY

37
Q

Dusts Advantages

A

no mixing, alternative where moisture might cause damage, applied w/ simple equip, effective in hard to reach indoor areas

38
Q

Dusts Disadvantages

A

easily drift, residue does not adhere as well as a liquid, high inhalation / eye / nose / throat exposure, dampness may cause clumping and clogging, some application devices are hard to calibrate, difficult to distribute evenly

39
Q

Granules (G)

A

similar to dust, particles are larger and heavier; not water soluble, ready-to-use, active ingredient typically coats the outside or is absorbed into the granule itself, slowly release once applied

40
Q

Granules Advantages

A

ready to use, no mixing, low drift hazard, low applicator hazard, no spray, no dust, simple equipment, breaks down more slowly

41
Q

Granules Disadvantages

A

equipment for application needs frequent calibration, equipment not as convenient, uniform application may be difficult, granules do not stick to foliage, may need to be incorporated into soil or need moisture to release, may be hazardous to wildlife, bulky

42
Q

Pellets (P or PS)

A

similar to granular in use, advantages and disadvantages; however, all the particles are more or less the same weight and shape. ingredient mixed into a slurry then extruded mechanically

43
Q

Wettable Powders (WP or W)

A

dry, finely ground solid materials; most include a wetting or dispersing agent - typically mixed w/ water and applied as a spray

44
Q

Wettable Powder Preparation

A

form a slurry by mixing a WP with a small amount of water, then dilute the slurry further; effective in most types of equipment where agitation is possible

45
Q

WP Advantages

A

easy to store, transport, handle; less likely than ECs to cause biological harm, not phytotoxic, less risk of skin and eye exposure

46
Q

WP Disadvantages

A

to as easy to measure, must weigh, not easy to mix, inhalation hazard, good / constant agitation, abrasive to pumps / nozzles / equipment, difficult to mix in alkaline water, improper mixing my clog equipment, residue on surfaces may be visible

47
Q

Water Dispersible Granules (WDG) or Dry Flowables (DF)

A

wettable powder formulations compressed into dust free, granule sized particles; most come w/ a product specific measuring device - mix w/ water spray as a suspension

48
Q

Soluble Powders (SP or WSP)

A

look like wettable powders but dissolve readily in water and form a true solution, after thorough mixing no additional agitation required

49
Q

Baits

A

active ingredient mixed w/ food or another attractive substance (pastes, gels, injectibles)

50
Q

Fumigants

A

pesticides that deliver the active ingredient to the target site in the form of a gas; often pressurized may be volatile

51
Q

Microencapsulated Pesticides (M)

A

dry particles or liquid droplets surrounded by a coating; mixed w/ water and applied as a spray - can be timed release, some are formulated this way to further protect the handler

52
Q

Impregnates

A

pesticide is incorporated into a solid material (flea and tick collars)

53
Q

Animal Systemics

A

absorbed externally or orally; dewormers etc

54
Q

Tank Mixing

A

combining two or more crop production productions (pesticides / fertilizers) and applying them at the same time

55
Q

Adjuvant

A

chemical that can affect how a pesticide works; improve the action, change the characteristics of

56
Q

Types of Adjuvants

A

surfactants, stickers, extenders, plant penetrants, compatibility agents, buffers of pH modifiers, drift retardants, defoaming agents, thickeners

57
Q

Surfactants

A

surface active ingredients, alter the dispersing, spreading, and wetting properties of spray droplets - reduce surface tension allowing droplets to spread out

58
Q

Anionic Surfactants

A

negative charge; most often used w/ contact pesticides

59
Q

Cationic Surfactants

A

positive charge; do not use them as standalone surfactants PHYTOTOXIC

60
Q

Nonionic Surfactants

A

no electrical charge; used w/ system products and help spray penetrant plant cuticles, compatible w/ most pesticides

61
Q

How to Choose the Right Adjuvant

A

read and follow the label, is it recommended, use only ones manufactured for ag or hort use, no adjuvant is a sub for good app practices, be skeptical of adjuvant claims, test mixes before using on large areas

Arborist Exam (20 decks)

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