Narrative: Theorists - Barthes

Question 1

What did Barthes suggest about narrative?

Answer 1

All narratives are built up from 5 interweaving codes since all texts are polysemic (have multiple meanings)

Question 2

What are the 5 codes?

Answer 2

• Hermeneutic (based on enigma)
• Proairetic (based on action)
• Semantic (based on connotation)
• Symbolic (based on antithesis)
• Cultural (based on shared knowledge + intertextuality)

Question 3

Explain hermeneutic (enigma) codes:

Answer 3

• Refers to mystery within text
• Unanswered enigmas - frustrates audience
• Paradims of text create enigma

Enigmas are constructed through mise-en-scene, colour, cinematography, etc

Question 4

Explain action codes:

Answer 4

• Refers to action/event that indicates something is going to happen
• Proairetic elements can add suspense/tension

Question 5

Explain semantic (connotation) codes:

Answer 5

• Refers to parts in a text that suggest additional meanings
• Semes = Element of semantic code
• Seme has connotative function in text - extra layer of meaning

Question 6

What are symbolic (antithesis/binary opposition) codes?

Answer 6

• Refers to symbolism in text made by semantic codes
• Uses opposites to show contrast + deeper meaning - for tension, drama + deeper meaning

Links to Strauss’ opposition theory

Question 7

What are cultural codes?

Answer 7

• Anything in text referring to external knowledge - scientific, cultural, historical
• Relies on audience having existing knowledge