Napoleons reforms Flashcards
How did Napoleon legitimise the coup de Brumaire?
held a plebiscite in 1800
when did Napoleon become emperor?
1804
what was the senatus consultum?
the act of blocking the wishes of the tribunate and legislative body
when was the tribunate abolished?
1810
when was the last meeting of the legislative body?
1813
what did Napoleon do about the jacobins?
in 1801 129 Jacobin leaders were arrested and deported to Seychelles or Guiana
what happened to royalists in Brittany?
1800- general brune sent to suppress royalists, 6000 chouan prisoners were taken and 750 shot
what did Napoleon do about the Comte de Provence?
NB assured him he would not return to France
how did NB deal with Madame de Stael?
1803- NB ordered that both stael and her husband were to be banished 63km away from Paris
what was Amalgame?
ending the social divisions of the Ancien regime by reconciling with old nobility
what was Ralliement?
rallying everyone round the regime
what was The legion d’Honneur?
a military and civil service award, mostly given for military service, 32,000 given out
how many civilians received the Legion d’Honneur?
1500 went to civilians our of 32,000
what was the Napoleonic Nobility? when was it established?
1808- the award gave the holder the title (knight of the empire)
how many women received the Legion d’Honneur?
3
what was the imperial nobility?
1808- titles given out to ministers, senators, archbishops, high remaking state officials and some generals.
the number of princes also increased
what were Lycées?
boarding schools for boys which a taught a curriculum decided by NB. trained boys for either military or civil service
what was the Imperial University?
1808- acted as supervisory body ensured all education met standards
how many newspaper were they reduced to?
from 73 to 9 by 1801
what were restrictions put on newspapers?
- censors appointed to each paper, couldn’t discuss controversial subjects
- papers reduced to one per department
- police given powers to search publishers shops
when was the censorship board set up?
1810- set up to approve or reject books
how did the civil code 1804 affect women?
granted more control over their own property when married. also allowed divorce by mutual consent
when was the concordat with the Catholic Church?
published in July 1802
what were the terms of the concordat?
- pope recognised as head of catholic church
- catholicism recognised as the religion of the majority
- catholic worship became freely available
- pope promised not to reclaim church lands
- bishops and clergy nominated by first consul, had to take oath of loyalty
what were the organic articles?
1802 *government approval had to be given for any papal document given
*guaranteed religious toleration to protestants and jews
what were the key revolutionary changes in the code Napoleon?
- abolition of feudalism and removal of church privilege
- the secularisation of the state
- equality before the law and freedom of conscience
what was the roman law influence on the code Napoleon?
- the father/husband head of the family
- female rights of inheritance restricted
- unmarried woman could not act as guardian or witness in legal document
- legitimate children, at least 75% of property had to be equally dispersed between all offspring
what was the code on criminal procedure?when?
1808-
- maintained trial by jury
- permitted arrest without trial
what was the penal code?when?
1810
- allowed death penalty for murder
- allowed corporal punishment (hard labour and branding)
- set maximum and minimum penalties
what were the prefects?
agents directly responsible for carrying out central authority in the departments
what jobs did the prefect do?
chief administrator in each department with responsibility for conscription, tax collection, agriculture, education and public works
How were prefects chosen?
They were chosen for thier talents as administrator, rather than politics
What percentage of prefects were previously in the revolutionary goverment?
68%
Who were the gendarmerie?
A force of 6-10 men who were former army veterans. Established in each community
What tasks did the gendarmerie have?
Responsible for everyday law enforcemnt, dealing with bandits, theft and putting down riots.
Who were the admistrative police?
The civillian police responsible for genral survaillence
What taxes did NB keep from the directory?
Land tax and personal property tax
How did NB make tax fairer?
Set up cadastre, a land register to recalculate land tax
How did NB stabalise the money supply?
In 1800 established bank of france
Also declared that metal coinage was the only legal tender
How did Chaptal improve the economy?
- Established bureau of statistics
- Established chambers of commerce 23 of largest cities
- establishment of councils of agriculture, arts and commerce
How much did the wool and silk industry increase by?
400% wool and silk value rose from 26 million francs to 64 million
What was the largest sector of the economy?
Agriculture, much of france in small owners hands
how did Napoleon pay for war?
increased tax, took out loans, selling land (Louisiana in USA), taking what he could from conquered territories
how much did NB sell Louisiana for?
1803- 50 million francs in gold and bond and cancelled 18 million in debt
what had a massive impact on French trade?
war and British naval blockade
what effect did the naval blockade have on France?
trade moved away from The Atlantic and overseas colonies and towards Frances allies and territories in Europe
which French ports were hit badly by blockade?
Le Harve and Rouen
what was Napoleons continental system?
banned all French trade with Britain, NB tried to weaken Britain by closing European markets
How effective was the continental system?
the system failed as French navy was strong enough to hold coastlines of Europe, and smuggling thrived
how effective was the British response to the continental system?
it affected French producers by depriving them of raw materials
what factors limited degree of economic change?
- limited demand as mass of population lived on farms
- France had no rich capitalists willing to invest in industry
- communications were poor
- many farms were small and unprofitable
- industrial work unattractive since workers restrained by livret and banned trade unions
What was the treaty of fontainbleu? When?
april 1814- Napoleon was made to give up his throne, but was allowed to keep title of emperor and income of £200,000, he was sent to the island of Elba as his kingdom
what was the turnout for the plebiscite of 1800 that justified coup de Brumaire?
around 25% with 3 million in favour and 1500 against
what was turnout and result of the vote for Napoleon to become emperor?
47.2% turnout with 3.5 million voting yes and 2500 no
how did Napoleon reconcile with bourgeoisie?
made changes to the vote which gave them more political influence and told that there would be no attempt to restore church lands
