Napoleon and Europe Flashcards
when was the first treaty of Paris? what was it?
30 may 1814- allies agreed to withdraw from french soil and allow france to keep looted artworks. the french had to accept boarders of 1792 §
where did the allies meet to confirm the treaty of paris?
congress in vienna
what was the treaty of fontainebleau? when was it?
april 1814- Napoleon was made to give up his throne, but was allowed to keep title of emperor and income of £200,000, he was sent to the island of Elba as his kingdom
what was the charter of 74 articles?
louis XVIII had to accept to take the throne it guaranteed: *two chambered assembly of elected deputies *fair taxation *equality before the law *freedom of individual *abolition of conscription *freedom of worship
when did napoleon return to france?
march 1815- allies signed outlaw against him
what was the congress of Vienna? when was it?
November 1814: hosted by Austrian emperor, the allies and French would meet to confirm the peace of Paris
what was the hundred days? when?
20 march 1815- 22 June 1815 (94 days)
the period when Napoleon returned from Elba until second abdication
how many men did Napoleon gather when moving towards paris?
landed with 1000 men and gathered 12,000 men around France. when he arrived to Paris the royal guard defected to Napoleon.
how many men did Napoleon gather before battle of Waterloo?
300,000
what kind of monarch was Louis xviii?
he believed he had the divine right of kings but realised what had happened to his predecessor and so accepted revolutionary and napoleonic reforms
what was the Act Additionel?
the new constitution proposed by Napoleon, which was meant to appeal to liberals. it was written by Benjamin constant.
it promised free press and elections, a constitutional monarch and two chamber government
what was the turnout for the plebiscite for new constitution?
turnout of 22% with 1.5 million in favour and 6000 against
when did Napoleon leave Paris with his army?
June 1815: marched with 300,000 men to Ligny where he defeated the Prussians. Napoleon assumed the Prussians had fled
what occurred at the battle of Waterloo? when?
18 June 1815: the Prussian army (81,000) met up with British Army at Waterloo, the allies were victorious and Napoleon had to retreat
when did Napoleon abdicate?
22 June 1815
who did Napoleon attempt to promote as his successor?
attempted to promote his son as his successor, but this was rejected
when and who did Napoleon surrender to?
15 July: Napoleon surrendered to British naval captain who took him to Plymouth then exiled to st. Helena
when did Napoleon die?
six years after exile in 1821
where did Louis xviii flee to when Napoleon retuned?
Ghent in Belgium
what were the terms of the second peace of Paris? when was it?
November 1815: French boarders reduced to those of 1790, francs had to pay 700m reparations, France had to pay for defensive fortresses, had to accept army of occupation for 5 years
how was France treated by Vienna settlement?
a conservative reaction which was trying to turn back the clock to 1789. attempted to ignore new forces of democracy and nationality
what state was France in by 1815?
the bourbon monarch had been restored and noble and catholic elite come back to prominence
how had different people benefitted or lost out by 1815?
the bourgeois professionals continued to dominate positions of power.
biens nationaux not retuned to former nobles/church benefitted
revolutionary principles still intact
who did Louis xviii rely on to advise?
relied on people such as Talleyrand and fouche
who were the ultras?
extreme royalists led by the kings brother, comte d’Artois.
ultras came to dominate lower house of new parliament, making life difficult for Louis xviii
who was Charles Talleyrand?
the archbishop of Reims and sat for clergy in estates general but joined national assembly. he escaped to the USA during the terror. he retuned under directory and was made grand Chamberlain in 1084 by Napoleon. Talleyrand then was foreign minister to Louis xviii and Frances representative at congress of Vienna
who was viscount Castlereagh?
the British representative in the congress of Vienna, he wanted to preserve power balance in Europe and favoured moderate political reform, but was repressive to British working class
who was Klemans von Metternich?
representative for Austria at congress of Vienna, he used his influence to prevent spread of liberal ideas that might threaten Austrian empire and favoured monarchal government
what was the cordon sanitaire?
means quarantine which used the countries around France as buffer states in order to restore traditional values of monarchy and control
where did Louis xviii flee to when Napoleon returned?
Louis fled to Ghent in march 1815
why did Napoleon win support so easily upon his return?
- army officers had been put on half pay, Louis had nit purged bonapartists from his army and caused mass desertions
- taxes were high, and reduction if tax not honoured
- hostility towards continued conscription
- rumours of beins nationaux would be seized
who was Benjamin constant?
a moderate republican who was appointed to tribunate but forced to withdraw in 1802, he was sent into exile in 1803 with madame de Stael. he returned in 1814 by Napoleon and drew up Acte Additionel
