NAOPM Flashcards
Charts used by Pilots
- ICAO AERONAUTICAL CHART
- EN ROUTE CHARTS
CHARTS USED FOR VFR AND IFR
ICAO AERONAUTICAL CHART
- Flying in good weather conditions and with visual ground references
- Mostly used by Small Private Aircraft
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES
- Flying without visual ground references in day or night, or in bad weather conditions
- These rules are used in commercial flights
- Requires aid from Radio Navigation systems and their ground stations to perform a safe and economic flight
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT RULES
- Shows all types of Radio Navigation Aids and flight route lines
- It does not show objects on the ground like roads
EN ROUTE CHARTS
WHERE ARE CHARTS ORIENTED TO
TRUE NORTH
ANY SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHICAL POINT CAN BE LOCATED BY REFERENCE TO ITS
LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
AN IMAGINARY CIRCLE EQUIDISTANT FROM THE POLES OF THE EARTH.
EQUATOR
CIRCLES _______ TO THE EQUATOR (LINES RUNNING EAST AND WEST) ARE PARALLELS OF LATITUDE.
PARALLEL
THEY ARE USED TO MEASURE DEGREES OF redacted NORTH (N) OR SOUTH (S) OF THE EQUATOR
LATITUDE
DRAWN FROM THE NORTH POLE TO THE SOUTH POLE AND ARE AT RIGHT ANGLES TO THE EQUATOR
LONGITUDE
- PASSES THROUGH GREENWICH, ENGLAND
- USED AS THE ZERO LINE FROM WHICH MEASUREMENTS ARE MADE IN DEGREES EAST (E) AND WEST (W) TO 180°.
PRIME MERIDIAN
HELPS DETERMINE THE TIME ZONE
MERIDIANS
TIME WHEN THE SUN IS DIRECTLY ABOVE A MERIDIAN
NOON
1 DAY / 24 HOURS =
15 DEG
______ DIFFERENCE EACH ZONE OF 15 DEGREES OF LONGITUDE
1 HR
MEANING OF THR FF:
- PST
- MST
- CST
- EST
- PACIFIC STANDARD TIME
- MOUNTAIN STANDARD TIME
- CENTRAL STANDARD TIME
- EASTERN STANDARD TIME
AVIATION TIME IS EXPRESSED IN
UNIVERSAL COORDINATED TIME/ZULU TIME
EQUATION OF PACIFIC STANDARD TIME
PST=UTC-8HRS
WHAT ARE THE 3 AXIS OF AN AIRCRAFT AND ITS RELATED FLIGHT CONTROLS?
- PITCHING (LATERAL AXIS)
- ROLLING (LONGITUDINAL AXIS)
- YAWING (VERTICAL AXIS)
EARTH IS CONSIDERED AS A
HUGE MAGNET
EARTH IS SURROUNDED BY A MAGNETIC FIELD MADE UP OF
INVISIBLE LINES OF FLUX
FLUX RUNS FROM
NORTH POLE TO SOUTH POLE
2 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF MAGNETIC FLUX
- Any MAGNET that is free to rotate will align with FLUX
- Electrical Current is Induced into any conductor that cuts across them
2 TYPES OF NORTH POLE
- TRUE NORTH (GEOGRAPHIC NORTH POLE)
- MAGNETIC NORTH
An instrument for determining direction on the surface of earth by means of a magnetic pointer that aligns itself with earth’s magnetic field
COMPASS
MAGNET IS USUALLY MADE UP OF
IRON (FE)
It attracts and holds lines of MAGNETIC FLUX
MAGNET
HOW MANY POLES DOES A MAGNET HAVE AND WHAT ARE THESE
2 POLES (NORTH & SOUTH)
Attached to a float inside a bowl of clear compass fluid (like a kerosene)
SENSING MAGNET
Graduated Scale. Wrapped Around the float. Viewed through a glass window
COMPASS CARD
INDICATES THE CARDINAL DIRECTIONS INDICATES directions every 30°
GRADUATED SCALE
HOW MANY DEGREES DOES A LONG AND SHORT GRADUATION HAVE
10 and 5 respectively
Fixed line corresponding to the direction of the aircraft
LUBBER LINE
Rides inside a special, spring-loaded, hard glass jewel cup. It allows the float freedom of movement to rotate and tilt, up to approx. 18° of bank
JEWEL and PIVOT ASSEMBLY
To prevent damage or leakage when the fluid expands and contracts with changes in Temperature
EXPANSION UNIT
For Refill of Compass Fluid (Kerosene)
Filler Hole and Plug
USUALLY A 3V OR 5V
INSTRUMENT LAMP
It minimizes the difference between compass indication and heading
Compensating Screws and Magnets
The Pilot views the compass card from its backside. The reason for this backward graduation is
card remains stationary and the compass housing and the pilot rotate around it.
MAGNETIC COMPASS ERRORS
- VARIATION
- DEVIATION
Difference between TRUE and MAGNETIC directions
VARIATION
This same angular difference in surveying and land navigation is called
DECLINATION
Caused by Local magnetic fields in an aircraft caused by electrical current flowing in the structure, in nearby wiring or any magnetized part of the structure, conflict with the Earth’s magnetic field
DEVIATION
The Aircraft Maintenance Technician can minimize the effects of Deviation error by performing this Maintenance Task using the AMM.
COMPASS SWING
WHO CAN ONLY PERFORM COMPASS SWING AND FILL UP THE CORRECTION CARD
AUTHORIZED AMT
PILOTS SHOULD REPORT OPERATIONAL INTERFERENCES SUCH AS
- RADIO
- DE-ICING
- PITOT HEATING
- RADAR
- MAGNETIC CARGO
The direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointing
HEADING
HOW IS HEADING MEASURED
MEASURED CLOCKWISE FROM NORTH
The direction in which the aircraft is moving over the earth
TRACK
intended path of an aircraft over the ground or the direction of a line drawn on a chart representing the intended aircraft path
COURSE
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEADING AND TRACK
DRIFT
WHEN TRACK = HEADING
NO WIND (NO DRIFT)
WHEN TRACK =/ HEADING
WITH WIND (“DRIFT” or Crab Angle or Side Slip Angle)
The horizontal direction to or from any point, usually MEASURED CLOCKWISE from true north, magnetic north, or some other reference point through 360 degrees
BEARING
BEARING IS MEASURED
CLOCKWISE
EQUATION FOR MAGNETIC BEARING
MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING
CALCULATED POSITION OF THE AIRCRAFT RELATIVE TO THE VOR STATION
RADIAL
RADIAL IS ORIENTED TO THE
MAGNETIC NORTH
