N - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards by Jef L

= Study of structure and the shape of the body and parts

= Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

Anatomy

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Study of structure and relationships between body parts

Anatomy

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= Study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye
= Large structures
= Easily observable

Gross Anatomy

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Type of Gross Anatomy

= Study of external anatomical features without dissection

Surface Anatomy (superficial)

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Type of Gross Anatomy

= Focuses on specific external and internal regions of the body and how different systems work together

Regional Anatomy

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Type of Gross Anatomy

= Focuses on the different organ systems

Systemic Anatomy

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= Study of minute/very small anatomical structures on a microscopic scale
= Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye
= Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope

Microscopic Anatomy

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Type of Microscopic Anatomy

= Study of cells, structures, and functions

Cytology

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Type of Microscopic Anatomy

= Study of tissues

Histology

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Type of Anatomy

= Science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to fetal

Embryology

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Type of Anatomy

= Studies larger time frame; concerned with the development of structures from fertilized egg to adult form

Developmental Anatomy

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Type of Anatomy

= Studies body structures that can be evaluated using x-rays

Radiographic Anatomy

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Type of Anatomy

= Studies macroscopic and microscopic changes associated with diseases

Pathological Anatomy

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= Study of how the body and its parts work or function

= Structure determines what functions can occur

Physiology

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Science of human

Anatomy & Physiology

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Six Levels of Structural Organization

Atoms/Chemical (Chemical level)
Cells (Cellular level)
Tissues (Tissue level)
Organs (Organ level)
Organ Systems (Organ system level)
Organisms (Organismal level)

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Organ System

= Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails
= Waterproofs the body
= Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
= Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
= Excretes salts in perspiration
= Helps regulate body temperature
= Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Integumentary System

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Organ System

= Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
= Provides muscle attachment for movement
= Protects vital organs
= Site of blood cell formation
= Stores minerals

Skeletal System

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Organ System

= Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)
= Produces movement of bones

Muscular System

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Organ System

= Fast acting control system
= Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

Responds to internal and external stimuli
Sensory receptors detect changes
Messages are sent to the central nervous system
Central nervous system assesses information and
activates effectors (muscles and glands)

Nervous System

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Organ System

= Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood

Endocrine System

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Body functions controlled by hormones in the endocrine system include

Growth
Reproduction
Use of nutrients

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Organ System

= Includes heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular System

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In the cardiovascular system, blood transports

Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones

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What cell does blood contain that provides protection from foreign invaders?

White blood cell

Organ System = Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs = Complements the cardiovascular system by returning leaked fluids back to the bloodstream = Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood = Houses white blood cells, which are involved in immunity

Lymphatic System

Organ System = Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs = Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs = Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Respiratory System

Organ System = Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs = Breaks down food = Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood = Eliminates indigestible material as feces

Digestive System

Organ System = Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra = Eliminates nitrogenous wastes = Maintains acid-base balance = Regulates water and electrolyte balance = Helps regulate normal blood pressure

Urinary System

= For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and duct system = For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Reproductive System

Testes produce

Sperm

A system that carries sperm to exterior

Duct System

Ovaries produce

Eggs

It provides the site of development for the fetus

Uterus

8 Necessary Life Functions

``` Maintaining boundaries Movement Responsiveness (irritability) Digestion Metabolism. Excretion Reproduction Growth ```

Necessary Life Functions Boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside”

Maintaining boundaries

Necessary Life Functions Locomotion Movement of substances

Movement

Necessary Life Functions Ability to sense changes and react

Responsiveness (irritability)

Necessary Life Functions Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

Digestion

Necessary Life Functions = Chemical reactions within the body = Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones = Builds larger molecules from smaller ones = Produces energy (ATP) = Regulated by hormones

Metabolism

Necessary Life Functions = Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions = Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

Excretion

Necessary Life Functions Occurs on the cellular level or organismal level

Reproduction

Reproduction New cells are used for growth and repair

On Cellular Level

Reproduction The reproductive system handles the task

On Organismal Level

Necessary Life Functions = Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells) = Hormones play a major role

Growth

5 Survival Needs

``` Nutrients Oxygen Water Normal body temperature Atmospheric pressure ```

Survival Needs = Chemicals used for energy and cell building = Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

Nutrients

Survival Needs = Required for chemical reactions = Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

Oxygen

Survival Needs = 60 to 80 percent of body weight = Most abundant chemical in the human body = Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions

Water

Survival Needs Normal body temperature

37 º C (98.6 º F)

Below normal body temperature, the chemical reaction will Hypothermia

slow down and stop

Above normal body temperature, the chemical reaction will Hyperthermia

proceed too rapidly

Survival Needs Must be appropriate for gas exchange

Atmospheric pressure

State the standard body position or the anatomical position.

Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

Explain the location of one body structure in relation to | another

Directional terms

Directional Term Toward the head or the upper part of a structure or the body Above

Superior | Cranial or Cephalic

Directional Term Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body Below

Inferior or Caudal

Directional Term Toward or at the front of the body In front of

Anterior or Ventral

Directional Term Toward or at the backside of the body Behind

Posterior or Dorsal

Directional Term Toward or at the midline of the body On the inner side of

Medial

Directional Term Away from the midline of the body On the outer side of

Lateral

Directional Term Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Intermediate

Directional Term Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

Proximal

Directional Term Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

Directional Term Toward or at the body surface

Superficial or External

Directional Term Away from the body surface More internal

Deep or Internal

Body Planes & Section Divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

Sagittal

Body Planes & Section Divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

Median or Midsagittal

Body Planes & Section Divides the body (or organ) into unequal left and right parts

Parasagittal

Body Planes & Section Divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

Frontal or Coronal

Body Planes & Section Divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

Transverse or Cross

2 Body Cavities

Dorsal | Ventral

Dorsal Body Cavity Houses the brain and is protected by the skull

Cranial Cavity

Dorsal Body Cavity Houses the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebrae

Spinal Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity ``` = Cavity superior to the diaphragm = Houses heart, lungs, and other organs = Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and other organs = Protected by the rib cage ```

Thoracic Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity = Cavity inferior to the diaphragm = Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, and other organs and is protected only by trunk muscles = Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum and is protected somewhat by bony pelvis = No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities

``` Abdominopelvic Cavity (Abdominal and Pelvic) ```

Directional term for: From the head down to the lower extremities

Cephalocaudal

Other Body Cavities

Oral & Digestive Cavity Nasal Cavity Orbital Cavity Middle Ear Cavity

= The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions = A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance = Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostasis

Main controlling systems of homeostasis.

Nervous and Endocine System

A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease.

Homeostatic Imbalance

Three components of homeostatic control mechanisms.

Receptor Control center Effector

Components of Homeostasis = Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) = Sends information to control center along an afferent pathway

Receptor

Components of Homeostasis = Determines set point = Analyzes information = Determines appropriate response

Control Center

Components of Homeostasis = Provides a means for response to the stimulus = Information flows from control center to effector along the efferent pathway

Effector

Feedback Mechanism = Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms = Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity = Works like a household thermostat

Negative feedback

The steps of negative feedback. | The elements of a homeostatic control system.

1. Stimulus 2. Receptor 3. Input (Afferent pathway) 4. Control center (Efferent pathway) 5. Output 6. Effector 7. Response

Feedback Mechanism = Rare in the human body = Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther = Reaction occurs at a faster rate = In the body, it occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

Positive feedback

Four Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic

Right Upper Quadrant Right Lower Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant

Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic

Right Hypochondriac Right Lumbar Right Inguinal (Iliac) Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left Hypochondriac Left Lumbar Left Inguinal (Iliac)

N - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

Chapter 1