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Anatomy & Physiology > N - The Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

N - The Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

Chapter 1

1
Q

= Study of structure and the shape of the body and parts

= Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

Study of structure and relationships between body parts

A

Anatomy

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3
Q

= Study of anatomical features visible to the naked eye
= Large structures
= Easily observable

A

Gross Anatomy

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4
Q

Type of Gross Anatomy

= Study of external anatomical features without dissection

A

Surface Anatomy (superficial)

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5
Q

Type of Gross Anatomy

= Focuses on specific external and internal regions of the body and how different systems work together

A

Regional Anatomy

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6
Q

Type of Gross Anatomy

= Focuses on the different organ systems

A

Systemic Anatomy

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7
Q

= Study of minute/very small anatomical structures on a microscopic scale
= Structures are too small to be seen with the naked eye
= Cells and tissues can be viewed only with a microscope

A

Microscopic Anatomy

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8
Q

Type of Microscopic Anatomy

= Study of cells, structures, and functions

A

Cytology

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9
Q

Type of Microscopic Anatomy

= Study of tissues

A

Histology

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10
Q

Type of Anatomy

= Science of the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to fetal

A

Embryology

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11
Q

Type of Anatomy

= Studies larger time frame; concerned with the development of structures from fertilized egg to adult form

A

Developmental Anatomy

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12
Q

Type of Anatomy

= Studies body structures that can be evaluated using x-rays

A

Radiographic Anatomy

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13
Q

Type of Anatomy

= Studies macroscopic and microscopic changes associated with diseases

A

Pathological Anatomy

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14
Q

= Study of how the body and its parts work or function

= Structure determines what functions can occur

A

Physiology

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15
Q

Science of human

A

Anatomy & Physiology

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16
Q

Six Levels of Structural Organization

A 
Atoms/Chemical (Chemical level)
Cells (Cellular level)
Tissues (Tissue level)
Organs (Organ level)
Organ Systems (Organ system level)
Organisms (Organismal level)
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17
Q

Organ System

= Forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails
= Waterproofs the body
= Cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
= Produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
= Excretes salts in perspiration
= Helps regulate body temperature
= Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

A

Integumentary System

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18
Q

Organ System

= Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, and joints
= Provides muscle attachment for movement
= Protects vital organs
= Site of blood cell formation
= Stores minerals

A

Skeletal System

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19
Q

Organ System

= Skeletal muscles contract (or shorten)
= Produces movement of bones

A

Muscular System

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20
Q

Organ System

= Fast acting control system
= Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors

  1. Responds to internal and external stimuli
  2. Sensory receptors detect changes
  3. Messages are sent to the central nervous system
  4. Central nervous system assesses information and
    activates effectors (muscles and glands)
A

Nervous System

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21
Q

Organ System

= Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood

A

Endocrine System

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22
Q

Body functions controlled by hormones in the endocrine system include

A

Growth
Reproduction
Use of nutrients

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23
Q

Organ System

= Includes heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular System

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24
Q

In the cardiovascular system, blood transports

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Nutrients
Hormones

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25
Q

What cell does blood contain that provides protection from foreign invaders?

A

White blood cell

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26
Q

Organ System

= Includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphoid organs
= Complements the cardiovascular system by returning
leaked fluids back to the bloodstream
= Lymph nodes and other lymphoid organs cleanse the
blood
= Houses white blood cells, which are involved in
immunity

A

Lymphatic System

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27
Q

Organ System

= Includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
= Gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs
in the lungs
= Supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

A

Respiratory System

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28
Q

Organ System

= Includes the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and accessory organs
= Breaks down food
= Allows for nutrient absorption into the blood
= Eliminates indigestible material as feces

A

Digestive System

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29
Q

Organ System

= Includes the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
= Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
= Maintains acid-base balance
= Regulates water and electrolyte balance
= Helps regulate normal blood pressure

A

Urinary System

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30
Q

= For males, includes the testes, scrotum, penis,
accessory glands, and duct system
= For females, includes the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

A

Reproductive System

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31
Q

Testes produce

A

Sperm

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32
Q

A system that carries sperm to exterior

A

Duct System

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33
Q

Ovaries produce

A

Eggs

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34
Q

It provides the site of development for the fetus

A

Uterus

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35
Q

8 Necessary Life Functions

A 
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness (irritability)
Digestion
Metabolism.
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth
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36
Q

Necessary Life Functions

Boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside”

A

Maintaining boundaries

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37
Q

Necessary Life Functions

Locomotion
Movement of substances

A

Movement

38
Q

Necessary Life Functions

Ability to sense changes and react

A

Responsiveness (irritability)

39
Q

Necessary Life Functions

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients

A

Digestion

40
Q

Necessary Life Functions

= Chemical reactions within the body
= Breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
= Builds larger molecules from smaller ones
= Produces energy (ATP)
= Regulated by hormones

A

Metabolism

41
Q

Necessary Life Functions

= Eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions
= Wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

A

Excretion

42
Q

Necessary Life Functions

Occurs on the cellular level or organismal level

A

Reproduction

43
Q

Reproduction

New cells are used for growth and repair

A

On Cellular Level

44
Q

Reproduction

The reproductive system handles the task

A

On Organismal Level

45
Q

Necessary Life Functions

= Increases cell size or body size (through increasing the number of cells)
= Hormones play a major role

A

Growth

46
Q

5 Survival Needs

A 
Nutrients
Oxygen
Water
Normal body temperature
Atmospheric pressure
47
Q

Survival Needs

= Chemicals used for energy and cell building
= Include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals

A

Nutrients

48
Q

Survival Needs

= Required for chemical reactions
= Made available by the cooperation of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems

A

Oxygen

49
Q

Survival Needs

= 60 to 80 percent of body weight
= Most abundant chemical in the human body
= Provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions

A

Water

50
Q

Survival Needs

Normal body temperature

A

37 º C (98.6 º F)

51
Q

Below normal body temperature, the chemical reaction will

Hypothermia

A

slow down and stop

52
Q

Above normal body temperature, the chemical reaction will

Hyperthermia

A

proceed too rapidly

53
Q

Survival Needs

Must be appropriate for gas exchange

A

Atmospheric pressure

54
Q

State the standard body position or the anatomical position.

A

Stand erect, feet parallel, arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body

55
Q

Explain the location of one body structure in relation to

another

A

Directional terms

56
Q

Directional Term

Toward the head or the upper part of a structure or the body

Above

A

Superior

Cranial or Cephalic

57
Q

Directional Term

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure or the body

Below

A

Inferior or Caudal

58
Q

Directional Term

Toward or at the front of the
body

In front of

A

Anterior or Ventral

59
Q

Directional Term

Toward or at the backside of
the body

Behind

A

Posterior or Dorsal

60
Q

Directional Term

Toward or at the midline of the body

On the inner side of

A

Medial

61
Q

Directional Term

Away from the midline of the body

On the outer side of

A

Lateral

62
Q

Directional Term

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure

A

Intermediate

63
Q

Directional Term

Close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb to the body trunk

A

Proximal

64
Q

Directional Term

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

A

Distal

65
Q

Directional Term

Toward or at the body
surface

A

Superficial or External

66
Q

Directional Term

Away from the body surface
More internal

A

Deep or Internal

67
Q

Body Planes & Section

Divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts

A

Sagittal

68
Q

Body Planes & Section

Divides the body (or organ) into equal left and right parts

A

Median or Midsagittal

69
Q

Body Planes & Section

Divides the body (or organ) into unequal left and right parts

A

Parasagittal

70
Q

Body Planes & Section

Divides the body (or organ) into anterior and posterior parts

A

Frontal or Coronal

71
Q

Body Planes & Section

Divides the body (or organ) into superior and inferior parts

A

Transverse or Cross

72
Q

2 Body Cavities

A

Dorsal

Ventral

73
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

Houses the brain and is protected by the skull

A

Cranial Cavity

74
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity

Houses the spinal cord and is protected by the vertebrae

A

Spinal Cavity

75
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

= Cavity superior to the diaphragm
= Houses heart, lungs, and other organs
= Mediastinum, the central region, houses heart,
trachea, and other organs
= Protected by the rib cage
A

Thoracic Cavity

76
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

= Cavity inferior to the diaphragm
= Superior abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver,
and other organs and is protected only by trunk muscles
= Inferior pelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum and is protected somewhat by bony pelvis
= No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic
cavities

A 
Abdominopelvic Cavity
(Abdominal and Pelvic)
77
Q

Directional term for:

From the head down to the lower extremities

A

Cephalocaudal

78
Q

Other Body Cavities

A

Oral & Digestive Cavity
Nasal Cavity
Orbital Cavity
Middle Ear Cavity

79
Q

= The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
= A dynamic state of equilibrium, or balance
= Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain
life

A

Homeostasis

80
Q

Main controlling systems of homeostasis.

A

Nervous and Endocine System

81
Q

A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease.

A

Homeostatic Imbalance

82
Q

Three components of homeostatic control mechanisms.

A

Receptor
Control center
Effector

83
Q

Components of Homeostasis

= Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
= Sends information to control center along an afferent
pathway

A

Receptor

84
Q

Components of Homeostasis

= Determines set point
= Analyzes information
= Determines appropriate response

A

Control Center

85
Q

Components of Homeostasis

= Provides a means for response to the stimulus
= Information flows from control center to effector along the efferent pathway

A

Effector

86
Q

Feedback Mechanism

= Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
= Shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity
= Works like a household thermostat

A

Negative feedback

87
Q

The steps of negative feedback.

The elements of a homeostatic control system.

A
  1. Stimulus
  2. Receptor
  3. Input
    (Afferent pathway)
  4. Control center
    (Efferent pathway)
  5. Output
  6. Effector
  7. Response
88
Q

Feedback Mechanism

= Rare in the human body
= Increases the original stimulus to push the variable
farther
= Reaction occurs at a faster rate
= In the body, it occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of a baby

A

Positive feedback

89
Q

Four Quadrants of the Abdominopelvic

A

Right Upper Quadrant
Right Lower Quadrant
Left Upper Quadrant
Left Lower Quadrant

90
Q

Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic

A

Right Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Right Inguinal (Iliac)

Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric

Left Hypochondriac
Left Lumbar
Left Inguinal (Iliac)

Anatomy & Physiology (8 decks)

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