N - Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards by Jef L

▪ Classified according to tissue types
▪ Cover body surfaces
▪ Line body cavities
▪ Form protective sheets around organs

Body Membranes

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▪ Also called covering and lining membranes
▪ Simple organs
▪ These membranes contain:
= Epithelial tissue layer
= Connective tissue layer

Epithelial Membranes

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Type of Epithelial Membranes

▪ Skin
▪ Dry membrane
▪ Outermost protective boundary
▪ Contains Epidermis and Dermis

Cutaneous Membrane

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Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Epidermis

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Mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue

Dermis

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Type of Epithelial Membranes

▪ Moist membranes
▪ Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
▪ Adapted for absorption or secretion
▪ Construction
= Epithelium type depends on site
= Loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

Mucous Membranes

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Type of Epithelial Membranes

▪ Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior of the body
▪ Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a
visceral and parietal layer
▪ Construction
= Simple squamous epithelium
= Areolar connective tissue

Serous Membranes

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Serous Membranes around the abdominal cavity

Peritoneum

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Serous Membranes around the lungs

Pleura

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Serous Membranes around the heart

Pericardium

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Type of Connective Tissue Membrane

▪ Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial tissue)
▪ Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints
= Line bursae
= Line tendon sheaths
▪ Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity

Synovial Membranes

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The Integumentary System consists of the

▪ Skin

▪ Skin appendages

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Functions of the Integumentary System

▪ Insulates and cushion deeper body organs
▪ Protects the entire body from:
= Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
= Chemical damage (acids and bases)
= Thermal damage (heat or cold)
= Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
= Microbes (bacteria)
= Desiccation (drying out)
▪ Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by the nervous system
▪ Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid
▪ Synthesizes vitamin D

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Structure of Skin

▪ Anchors the skin to underlying organs
▪ Not technically part of the integumentary system
▪ Composed mostly of adipose tissue
▪ Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

Hypodermis

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▪ Outer layer of skin
▪ Capable of being hard and tough
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Avascular
▪ Composed of five layers (strata)

Epidermis

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The most common cell and produce a fibrous protein called keratin

Keratinocytes

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Layers of Epidermis

From the most superficial to deepest

Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Basale

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Layers of Epidermis

▪ Deepest layer of the epidermis
▪ Lies next to dermis
▪ Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two together
▪ Cells undergoing mitosis
▪ Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

Stratum Basale

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Layers of Epidermis

Cells become increasingly flattered and more keratinized

Stratum Spinosum

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Layers of Epidermis

▪ Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
▪ Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

Stratum Lucidum

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Layers of Epidermis

▪ Outermost layer of the epidermis
▪ Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

Stratum Corneum

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▪ It is a pigment produced by melanocytes
▪ Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis
▪ Color is yellow to brown to black
▪ It accumulates in membrane-bound granules
called melanosomes
▪ Amount of ____ produced depends upon genetics and exposure to sunlight

Melanin

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Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or viral invasion)

Epidermal Dendritic Cells

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▪ Associated with sensory nerve endings

▪ Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

Merkel Cells

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▪ Connective tissue | ▪ Underlies the epidermis

Dermis

Layers of Dermis ▪ On the upper dermal region that contain projections called dermal papillae ▪ Indent the epidermis above ▪ Many projections contain capillary loops and others house pain and touch receptors ▪ On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability ▪ Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat

Papillary Layer

Layers of Dermis ▪ Deepest skin layer ▪ Blood vessels ▪ Sweat and oil glands ▪ Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)

Reticular Layer

Pigments to Skin Color Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments

Melanin

Pigments to Skin Color Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

Carotene

Pigments to Skin Color ▪ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries ▪ Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring

Hemoglobin

Skin Color ▪ Redness ▪ Due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Erythema

Skin Color ▪ Blanching ▪ Due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Pallor

Skin Color ▪ Yellow cast ▪ Indicates a liver disorder

Jaundice

Skin Color ▪ Black and blue marks ▪ Hematomas

Bruises

4 Skin Appendages

▪ Sweat glands ▪ Oil glands ▪ Hair ▪ Nails

All exocrine glands

Cutaneous Glands

Type of Cutaneous Glands ▪ Located all over the skin except for palms and soles ▪ Produce sebum (oil) ▪ Makes skin soft and moist ▪ Prevents hair from becoming brittle ▪ Kills bacteria ▪ Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface ▪ Glands are activated at puberty

Sebaceous (oil) Glands

Type of Cutaneous Glands ▪ Produce sweat ▪ Widely distributed in skin

Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands

Type of Sweat Glands ▪ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface ▪ Produce acidic sweat ▪ Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste ▪ Function in body temperature regulation

Eccrine Glands

Type of Sweat Glands ▪ Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals ▪ Begin to function at puberty ▪ Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color) ▪ Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation

Apocrine Glands

▪ Produced by hair follicle ▪ Root is enclosed in the follicle ▪ Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin ▪ Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells ▪ Melanocytes provide pigment for its color ▪ It grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale

Hair

Hair Anatomy In the center

Medulla

Hair Anatomy Surrounds medulla

Cortex

Hair Anatomy ▪ Outside of cortex ▪ Most heavily keratinized region of the hair

Cuticle

▪ Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath ▪ Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle)

Hair Follicle

It connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened

Arrector Pili Muscle

▪ Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis ▪ Stratum basale extends beneath the ____ bed, which is responsible for the growth ▪ Lack of pigment makes it colorless

Nails

Infections and Allergies ▪ Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis) ▪ Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes

Athlete’s Foot

Infections and Allergies ▪ Caused by inflammation of hair follicles ▪ Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria

Boils (furuncles) and Carbuncles

Infections and Allergies ▪ Caused by human herpesvirus 1 ▪ Blisters itch and sting

Cold Sores (fever blisters)

Infections and Allergies ▪ Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses ▪ Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin

Contact Dermatitis

Infections and Allergies ▪ Caused by bacterial infection ▪ Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose

Impetigo

Infections and Allergies ▪ Caused by bacterial infection ▪ Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose

Psoriasis

``` ▪ Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals ▪ Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria ▪ Associated dangers = Protein denaturation and cell death = Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance = Circulatory shock ```

Burns

Degree of Burn ▪ Superficial burn ▪ Only epidermis is damaged ▪ Skin is red and swollen

First-degree Burn

Degree of Burn ▪ Partial-thickness burn ▪ Epidermis and superficial part of the dermis are damaged ▪ Skin is red, painful, and blistered ▪ Regrowth of the epithelium can occur

Second-degree Burn

Degree of Burn ▪ Full-thickness burn ▪ Destroys epidermis and dermis; the burned area is painless ▪ Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible ▪ Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black

Third-degree Burn

Degree of Burn ``` ▪ Full-thickness burn ▪ Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) ▪ Appears dry and leathery ▪ Requires surgery and grafting ▪ May require amputation ```

Fourth-degree Burn

Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds

Skin Cancer

Classification of Cancer means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread

Benign

Classification of Cancer means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas

Malignant

Type of Skin Cancer ▪ Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer ▪ Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin ▪ Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Type of Skin Cancer ▪ Believed to be induced by UV exposure ▪ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum ▪ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers ▪ Early removal allows a good chance of cure ▪ Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Type of Skin Cancer ▪ Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5 percent of skin cancers ▪ Arises from melanocytes ▪ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels ▪ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma

Malignant Melanoma

ABCDE Rule

``` Asymmetry Border Irregularity Color Diameter Evolution ```

A downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth

Lanugo

An oily covering and is apparent at birth

Vernix caseosa

Small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week

Milia

N - Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards

Chapter 4