Mycology, Virology, Parasitology (W4) Flashcards
Define Mycoses
disease caused by fungi
What are the control methods for fungi (how to kill them)
- 60 deg for 5-30 mins
- bleach
- phenolic compounds
What are the 4 classifications of fungi
- Moulds
- True Yeast
- Yeast-like fungi
- Dimorphic fungi
define dimorphic fungi
it can be yeast or mycelial depending on environment
What are the 2 morphological types of hyphae and what defines them
septate - little walls along branches
non-septate - no walls
what are 5 harmful effects of fungi
- food spoilage
- unwanted growth
- animal and plant disease
- mycotoxin production
- lab contamination
what are 6 benefits of fungi
- food preparation
- antibiotic production
- enzyme production
- acid production
- decomposition
- pesticides degradation
what are the growth requirements of fungi
- temp between 25 and 30 degs
- acidic pH (4-6)
- Moist
- aerobic
what are the 5 types of asexual spores for fungal reproduction
(SCCAB)
- Sporangiospores
- Chlamydospores
- Conidiospores
- Arthrospores
- Blastospores
what are the 4 stages of fungal sexual spore formation
- cells of + and - thallus fuse
- nuclei fuse
- meiosis of nucleus (back to 2 nuclei)
- Haploid nucleus partitioned into + and - thallus
what are the 4 classifications based on fungal sexual reproduction
- Zygomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Ascomycota
- Deuteromycota (no sexual stage)
what are the 4 types of pathogenic fungi
- Moulds (opportunistic)
- Dermatophytes
- Yeast-like fungi
- Dimorphic fungi
What are the 2 types of superficial fungal infections
Candida (mucosa)
Cutaneous (skin)
what causes dermatophycoses
dermatophytes (on skin, hair, nails only)
(tinea)
what fungal pathogen causes systemic mycoses and what are 4 types
Dimorphic fungal pathogens
- Histoplasmosis
- Blastomycosis
- Coccidioidomycosis
- paracoccidioidomycosis
What are mycotoxins, can they ever be useful
toxins produced by fungi, yes some of them
how many bacteriophages per ml of seawater are there
10 - 50 million
what is the size of a virus
10 - 300/400 um
what are the Baltimore scheme classifications of viruses and what is it based off
- based off nucleic acid
Class 1 - Double stranded DNA
Class 2 - Single stranded DNA
Class 3 - double stranded segmented RNA
Class 4 - single stranded RNA negative sense
Class 5 - single stranded RNA positive sense
Class 6 - Single stranded RNA positive sense with double stranded DNA intermediate before replication
Class 7 - double stranded DNA, part single stranded DNA with single stranded RNA intermediate
what are the 3 morphological types of viruses
- Helical
- Icosahedral
- Complex/undefined
what are cytopathic effects and what are they caused by
structural changes of a host cell caused by viral infection
what are the 6 stages of viral replication
- Attachment
- Penetration
- replication of viral genome
- production of late viral proteins
- assembly of progeny virions
- release of virions from cell
what 2 ways can viruses cause disease
- replicate in host cell, leading to direct damage
- host cells kill virus infected cells
what are the types (classifications) of viral infection
- mild
- latent (in body without producing more viruses)
- severe
- oncogenic (develop cancer)
- Teratogenic (affects fetus)
what is the transmission mode unique to viruses
Arthropod-borne (transmitted by arthropods (insects))
what are the two types of helminths (worms)
Nematodes (round)
platyhelminths (flat)
how big is the liver fluke, where does it live and what does it feed on
its is 25mm long and lives in the bile duct and feeds on the liver
what causes Fascioliasis and what is this
liver flukes, it is an infectious disease that causes fever, tiredness, loss of appetite and pain around liver
what is the common name for a Cestodia
tapeworm
what are the symptoms of tape worm
- abdominal pain
- anemia
- nervous disorders
- gut irritation
what can happen if reverse peristalsis occurs when you have a tapeworm
mature worms lay eggs in the stomach, can invade nervous tissue - this is fatal
what are cysticerci
Tape worm larvae
how are nematodes diagnosed
eggs in faeces
what type of infection is malaria and how is it transmitted
protozoan infection, transmitted by mosquito vector
state the pathway starting from an insect bite causing malaria, ending at RBC lysis
insect bites human - sporozoite enters and moves to liver - reproduces over several days - release metrozoites into blood - infect red blood cells - cause RBCs to burst and release more metrozoites
why are nematode infections so common
transmission is fecal oral by water
what are the symptoms of malaria
- fever
- chills
- nausea
- headache
what are 3 common types of nematodes
- Ascaris Lumbricoides
- Trichuris Trichiura
- enterobius vermicularis
