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MEDI > Host Microbe interaction / Immunology (W5) > Flashcards

Host Microbe interaction / Immunology (W5) Flashcards

1
Q

Give two reasons for preventing microbes from entering food

A
  1. to prevent food spoilage
  2. to prevent food related illnesses
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2
Q

How does fermentation preserve food

A

It inhibits spoilage bacteria to grow

it causes Lactic acid bacteria to grow, which produce lactic acid and therefore lowers pH so other bacteria can not grow

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3
Q

what are the 7 types of infection

A
  • Clinical
  • Subclinical
  • Localised
  • Systemic
  • Iatrogenic (nosocomial)
  • exogenous
  • endogenous
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4
Q

Define clinical infection

A

infections with signs and symptoms

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5
Q

Define subclinical infection

A

infections with pathogen but no symptoms

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6
Q

Define localised infection

A

Infection that is confined to one area of the body

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7
Q

Define systemic infection

A

infection spread to different areas of the body

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8
Q

Define iatrogenic infection

A

infection is caught from a medical practitioner or intervention (hospital)

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9
Q

Define Exogenous infection

A

infection contracted from external environment

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10
Q

Define Endogenous infection

A

infection contracted from within human host (eg from mother to fetus)

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11
Q

what are the 5 modes of disease transmission

A
  1. Contact transmission (direct or indirect physical contact)
  2. Common vehicle (food/water/airborne)
  3. Vectors
  4. Direct inoculation
  5. Intra-placental
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12
Q

what are the 4 reservoirs for infectious agents

A
  1. Animate - healthy
  2. Animate - active disease
  3. Animate - convalescent
  4. inanimate
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13
Q

What are the 2 types of epidemiological study and what do they mean

A
  1. Descriptive epidemiology - track disease using location, age ,time, occupation etc.
  2. Analytical epidemiology - identify cause, transmission and prevention
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14
Q

what are the 4 classifications/ stages of disease infection within a community

A
  1. Endemic - constantly present in community
  2. Epidemic - widespread disease within a community, only occasionally present
  3. Pandemic - Widespread epidemic, across multiple communities
  4. Sporadic - widely scattered disease (singular, irregular, infrequent)
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15
Q

define aetiology

A

cause of the disease

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16
Q

define morbidity

A

number made ill

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17
Q

define incidence

A

number of new cases over a given period

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18
Q

define prevalence

A

number of cases at a given time (old or new)

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19
Q

what are 3 factors that influence the spread of disease

A
  • Virulence of the pathogen
  • Pathogenic transmission mode
  • Population susceptibility
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20
Q

what are 3 characteristics of lymph vessels

A
  • collect fluid from tissues and return it to blood
  • Circulates in one direction
  • Blind end tubes
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21
Q

what are the 2 lymphoid organs in the primary classification and what are their roles

A
  1. Red Bone Marrow - site where B cells and pre-T cells are produced and B cells mature
  2. Thymus - site where T cells mature
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22
Q

What are the Lymph Organ Classifications (Based on function)

A
  • Primary - Pluripotent stem cells (bone marrow and thymus)
  • Secondary - Site of most immune response (organs, tissues, lymphocyte recirculation)
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23
Q

what are the 3 parts in the Secondary Lymph organ Classification (based on function)

A
  • Organs (have a capsule) (lymph nodes and spleen)
  • Tissues (no capsule) (lymphatic nodules, Tonsils, appendix, peyer’s patch)
  • Lymphocyte recirculation (B+T cells move from one place to another, Immune response)
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24
Q

what are the 4 roles of the immune system

A
  • Maintain homeostasis
  • surveillance (detect changes)
  • Differentiate between self and non-self antigens
  • Destroy non-self antigens
25
Q

What is the difference between the innate and adaptive immune response

A

innate- non specific defence

Adaptive - response based on recognition of specific invader

26
Q

Which of the Body defence mechanisms are innate and which are Adaptive

A

Innate :
- phagocytosis
- inflammation
- NK cells

Adaptive
- cell mediated
- antibody mediated

27
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • pain
  • swelling
28
Q

what releases chemical mediators during inflammation

A

damaged cells and mast cells

29
Q

what chemicals are released during inflammation

A
  • histamine
  • kinins
  • complement
  • prostaglandins
  • leukotactic agents
  • leukocytosis inducing factor
30
Q

what 2 things do chemicals to do blood vessels during inflamation

A
  • increase blood flow by vasodilation
  • increase capillary permeability
31
Q

what does leukotaxis cause during inflammation

A
  • attracts WBCs to the area
  • phagocytosis
  • healing
  • leukocytosis inducing factor (stimulates production + release of WBCs
32
Q

What makes up the innate immune system’s first line of defence

A
  • Mechanical barriers
  • Normal Flora
  • Secretions
33
Q

What makes up innate immune system’s second line of defence

A
  • serum
  • White blood cells
34
Q

what are the 3 antigen presenting cells

A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
35
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes and what percent of each of them are present in the body

A
  • T lymphocytes (80%)
  • B lymphocytes (15%)
  • Natural Killer cells (5%)
36
Q

what types of cells do natural killer cells kill

A
  • host cells that are infected with virus
  • cancer cells
37
Q

What are the three types of T cells and what do they each do

A

T-helper (detect antigens and activate macrophages, Tc and B cells)

T-regulator (suppress the immune system when finished)

Cytotoxic T cells (Kill virus infected cells and cancer cells)

38
Q

what mediates adaptive immunity

A

Lymphocytes

39
Q

what is a key ability of Adaptive that Innate does not have

A

Memory

40
Q

What are the two branched of the Adaptive immune system

A
  1. Humoral immunity (antibody mediated)
  2. Cell Mediated
41
Q

what is an antibody

A

a specialised protein that recognises and attaches to its matching antigen

42
Q

what cell makes antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

43
Q

what are 2 names for the specific region on antigens that antibodies attach to

A
  • Epitopes
  • Antigenic Determinants
44
Q

What are the key differences between the primary and secondary immune responses

A

Primary:
- has a several day lag
- antibody type is immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Secondary:
- much quicker response
- longer lasting
- antibody type is immunoglobulin G (IgG)

45
Q

How are cytotoxic T cells alerted that a cell has been invaded

A

The invaded cell has a wide range of surface receptors against antigens. So when it is infected it will present the matching antigen so the Cytotoxic T cell can bind to it to destroy the cell.

46
Q

How do natural Killer Cells know to kill the cell

A

There is reduced MHC 1 proteins on the surface of the cell

47
Q

How do natural Killer cells kill cells

A

Antibody Dependant Cell Cytotoxicity

48
Q

what 2 cells regulate the immune response

A

T-helper cells - stimulate
T-regulatory cells - inhibit

49
Q

what is administered for Active and Passive immunity and how long to the last comparatively

A

Active = antigen, longer lasting
Passive = antibody, shorter lasting

50
Q

what are the 2 fields of the commercial uses of microorganisms

A
  1. Food microbiology
  2. Industrial microbiology
51
Q

what 5 things cause food spoilage

A
  • insect or rodent infestation
  • physical damage
  • chemical damage
  • microbial growth
  • Enzyme activity
52
Q

what is the name for aerobic and anaerobic spoilage

A

aerobic = decay
anaerobic = putrefaction

53
Q

how (3) can diseases be aquired from food

A
  • direct effects of microbes
  • toxins
  • microbial effect on food
54
Q

What are the 3 major approaches to food preservation

A
  1. prevent microbial contamination
  2. inhibit microbial growth and activity
  3. destroy / remove microbes from food
55
Q

what are 5 reasons why we treate waste

A
  1. to remove pathogens
  2. to remove toxins
  3. to prevent contamination of drinking water
  4. to prevent foul odours
  5. remove nutrients that cause pollution
56
Q

what does BOD stand for and what does it mean

A

Biochemical Oxygen Demand

it is a test that determines levels of biological, degradable organic matter that is present in water

57
Q

what does high BOD indicate

A

high levels of organic matter in water

58
Q

what are 3 uses for bacteriophages

A
  1. recombinant DNA technology
  2. to identify pathogenic organisms
  3. possible treatment for bacterial infections
59
Q

what are the 3 stages of wastewater treatment and what do they entail

A

Primary
- removal of large solids

Secondary
- microbial digestion of organic matter
- hydrolysis

Tertiary
- Physical and chemical methods

MEDI (11 decks)

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