Intro to Haematology (W10)

Question 1

how many liters of blood does an average adult have

Answer 1

≈ 5 L

Question 2

what is haemopoiesis

Answer 2

the production of the formed elements of blood

Question 3

what are the sites of haemopoiesis in a foetus

Answer 3

yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph nodes bone marrow

Question 4

what 3 things can a multipotential hematopoietic stem cell divide into

Answer 4

• itself
• common myeloid progenitor
• common lymphoid progenitor

Question 5

what can the common lymphoid progenitor divide into

Answer 5

• Natural killer cells
• small lymphocytes ( then branches to T and B lymphocytes)
• plasma cells from the B lymphocytes

Question 6

what can the first division of a common myeloid progenitor

Answer 6

• erythrocytes
• mast cells
• megakaryocyte
• myeloblast

Question 7

what is produced from the second division on the common myeloid progenitor line

Answer 7

megakaryocytes - thrombocytes
myeloblasts - eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocyte (then monocytes forms macrophages)

Question 8

what is the name for the middle of a RBC

Answer 8

area of central pallor

Question 9

which of the formed elements are nuclear and anuclear

Answer 9

nuclear - WBCs
Anuclear - RBCs and Platelets

Question 10

what are the sizes of the formed elements

Answer 10

RBCs: 7.2 - 8 um
Platelets: 3 um
Neutrophils, Eosinophils: 9 - 15 um
Basophils- 10 - 16 um
Lymphocyte- small: 8-10, large: 12-16 um
monocyte: 14-20 um

Question 11

which of the WBCs are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes

Answer 11

Granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranylocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 12

what are the distinguishing features between the WBCs

Answer 12

Neutrophils- granular cytoplasm, multi-lobed (3-5) nucleus

Eosinophils- granular cytoplasm, bi-lobed nucleus

Basophils- 2-4 lobed nucleus, large, dark staining granules

Lymphocytes - large nucleus, no granules

monocytes- kidney shaped nucleus

Question 13

what do neutrophils fight

Answer 13

bacterial and fungal infections

Question 14

what do eosinophils fight

Answer 14

parasitic infections, and dampen allergic response

Question 15

what reactions are Basophils involved in

Answer 15

• hypersensitivity
• inflammation

Question 16

what is the difference between a small and large lymphocyte

Answer 16

DOES NOT DIFFERENTIATE B AND T
- small means it is inactive
- large means it is active

Question 17

what are the 2 types of abnormalities we can observe in haematology

Answer 17

• abnormal cell morphology
• abnormal cell count

Question 18

what are the terms for a change in size and change in shape for a RBC (abnormalities)

Answer 18

change in size : Anisocytosis
change in shape : poikilocytosis

Question 19

what are the 2 types of anisocytosis and

Answer 19

microcytosis - smaller (microcytes)
macrocytosis - bigger (macrocytes)

Question 20

what are some examples of poikilocytosis
(DOSE and DACSES)

Answer 20

found in types of anemia:
-elliptocytes - eclipse + no central area of pallor
- ovalocytes - oval
- spherocytes - ball
- drepanocytes (sickle cells) - abnormal hemoglobin - causes sickle cell anemia

other:
- Codocytes - target/sombrero
- Schistocytes - RBC fragments - found in conditions with
trauma
-Acanthocytes - irregular thorny projections - liver
disease
- Dacrocytes (tear)
- Stomatocytes - round disc- oblong central area of
pallor - liver disease
- Echinocytes - short evenly spaced projections- acute
blood loss, burn, kidney failure

Question 21

what are the 2 types of immature RBCs

Answer 21

Reticulocyte - still contains some RNA but is not nucleated ( a few is fine but lots is abnormal)

Nucleated RBC (nRBC) - very immature, normal in bone marrow but should not have any in blood (seen in extreme blood loss to meet demand)

Question 22

what is hypochromasia and polychromasia

Answer 22

hypochromasia- enlarger central area of pallor, decreased Hb (anemia)

polychromasia - increased number of immature RBCs

Question 23

changes to RBC other than size and shape

Answer 23

Routlets- stacking (To form chains) - due to high protein concentration

Agglutination- clumping together - due to antibodies

Inclusions - things found inside RBCs (eg. malaria)

Question 24

What are some examples of WBC abnormalities

Answer 24

Toxic granulation - increased size of granules
Left shift neutrophils - IMMATURE - one lobe
Right shift neutrophils- OLD - more lobes to nucleus

Question 25

what are the units and the reference range for cell count of WBCs

Answer 25

units are x 10ˆ9/L
reference range is:
4 - 11

Question 26

what are the units and the reference range for cell count of RBC

Answer 26

units are x 10ˆ12/L
reference range is:
4.5 - 6.5 (Male)
3.8 - 5-8 (Female)

Question 27

what are the units and the reference range for cell count of platelets

Answer 27

units are x10ˆ9/L
reference range is:
150-400

Question 28

what suffixes are used for an increase and decrease in cell count

Answer 28

increase: -cytosis and -philia

decrease: -aenia

Question 29

why are cell counts performed (2)

Answer 29

• determine if disease is present
• monitor the course of disease and treatment

Question 30

what are the sources of error from manual counting chamber

Answer 30

technical error:
- dilution
- sampling - evenly mixed? transferred to chamber correctly?
- counting - recognised the cells correctly?

statistical error:
- only a small representation, is is accurate?

Question 31

what 2 principles can be used for automatic cells counting

Answer 31

• electrical impedance
• light scattering