Intro to Haematology (W10) Flashcards
how many liters of blood does an average adult have
≈ 5 L
what is haemopoiesis
the production of the formed elements of blood
what are the sites of haemopoiesis in a foetus
yolk sac, liver, spleen, lymph nodes bone marrow
what 3 things can a multipotential hematopoietic stem cell divide into
- itself
- common myeloid progenitor
- common lymphoid progenitor
what can the common lymphoid progenitor divide into
- Natural killer cells
- small lymphocytes ( then branches to T and B lymphocytes)
- plasma cells from the B lymphocytes
what can the first division of a common myeloid progenitor
- erythrocytes
- mast cells
- megakaryocyte
- myeloblast
what is produced from the second division on the common myeloid progenitor line
megakaryocytes - thrombocytes
myeloblasts - eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocyte (then monocytes forms macrophages)
what is the name for the middle of a RBC
area of central pallor
which of the formed elements are nuclear and anuclear
nuclear - WBCs
Anuclear - RBCs and Platelets
what are the sizes of the formed elements
RBCs: 7.2 - 8 um
Platelets: 3 um
Neutrophils, Eosinophils: 9 - 15 um
Basophils- 10 - 16 um
Lymphocyte- small: 8-10, large: 12-16 um
monocyte: 14-20 um
which of the WBCs are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes
Granulocytes- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranylocytes - lymphocytes, monocytes
what are the distinguishing features between the WBCs
Neutrophils- granular cytoplasm, multi-lobed (3-5) nucleus
Eosinophils- granular cytoplasm, bi-lobed nucleus
Basophils- 2-4 lobed nucleus, large, dark staining granules
Lymphocytes - large nucleus, no granules
monocytes- kidney shaped nucleus
what do neutrophils fight
bacterial and fungal infections
what do eosinophils fight
parasitic infections, and dampen allergic response
what reactions are Basophils involved in
- hypersensitivity
- inflammation
what is the difference between a small and large lymphocyte
DOES NOT DIFFERENTIATE B AND T
- small means it is inactive
- large means it is active
what are the 2 types of abnormalities we can observe in haematology
- abnormal cell morphology
- abnormal cell count
what are the terms for a change in size and change in shape for a RBC (abnormalities)
change in size : Anisocytosis
change in shape : poikilocytosis
what are the 2 types of anisocytosis and
microcytosis - smaller (microcytes)
macrocytosis - bigger (macrocytes)
what are some examples of poikilocytosis
(DOSE and DACSES)
found in types of anemia:
-elliptocytes - eclipse + no central area of pallor
- ovalocytes - oval
- spherocytes - ball
- drepanocytes (sickle cells) - abnormal hemoglobin - causes sickle cell anemia
other:
- Codocytes - target/sombrero
- Schistocytes - RBC fragments - found in conditions with
trauma
-Acanthocytes - irregular thorny projections - liver
disease
- Dacrocytes (tear)
- Stomatocytes - round disc- oblong central area of
pallor - liver disease
- Echinocytes - short evenly spaced projections- acute
blood loss, burn, kidney failure
what are the 2 types of immature RBCs
Reticulocyte - still contains some RNA but is not nucleated ( a few is fine but lots is abnormal)
Nucleated RBC (nRBC) - very immature, normal in bone marrow but should not have any in blood (seen in extreme blood loss to meet demand)
what is hypochromasia and polychromasia
hypochromasia- enlarger central area of pallor, decreased Hb (anemia)
polychromasia - increased number of immature RBCs
changes to RBC other than size and shape
Routlets- stacking (To form chains) - due to high protein concentration
Agglutination- clumping together - due to antibodies
Inclusions - things found inside RBCs (eg. malaria)
What are some examples of WBC abnormalities
Toxic granulation - increased size of granules
Left shift neutrophils - IMMATURE - one lobe
Right shift neutrophils- OLD - more lobes to nucleus
what are the units and the reference range for cell count of WBCs
units are x 10ˆ9/L
reference range is:
4 - 11
what are the units and the reference range for cell count of RBC
units are x 10ˆ12/L
reference range is:
4.5 - 6.5 (Male)
3.8 - 5-8 (Female)
what are the units and the reference range for cell count of platelets
units are x10ˆ9/L
reference range is:
150-400
what suffixes are used for an increase and decrease in cell count
increase: -cytosis and -philia
decrease: -aenia
why are cell counts performed (2)
- determine if disease is present
- monitor the course of disease and treatment
what are the sources of error from manual counting chamber
technical error:
- dilution
- sampling - evenly mixed? transferred to chamber correctly?
- counting - recognised the cells correctly?
statistical error:
- only a small representation, is is accurate?
what 2 principles can be used for automatic cells counting
- electrical impedance
- light scattering
