Microbiology (W1) Flashcards
what percent of microorganisms are
a. harmless
b. opportunistic
c. pathogenic
and what do each of these mean
a. 87% are harmless
b. 10% are opportunistic (usually harmless but pathogenic in different conditions)
c. 3% (usually cause disease when present in/on humans)
Where does Normal Flora inhabit and give examples
at sites exposed to air / communicate with external environment
such as the skin, nasal passage, mouth and intestinal tract (majority in the large intestines)
What areas are “sterile” from Normal Flora
blood, tissue, respiratory tract
When and what did Robert Hooke do
in 1665
he was the first person to describe a cell
When and what did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek do (2)
in 1673
he was the first to describe bacteria and their shape and he developed a microscope with a removable stage
When and what did Ignaz Semmelweis do
in 1847
he was the first to implement hand washing
When and what did Louis Pasteur (2)
in 1861
he discovered pasteurisation
and disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenesis)
What is abiogenesis and who disproved it
spontaneous generation,
Louis pasteur
When and what did Joseph Lister do
in 1870, he was the first to develop antisepsis in surgery
using carbolic acid
When and what did Robert Koch do
in 1883
he was the first to study anthrax and tuberculosis
and discovered that microorganisms can invade other organisms to cause disease (formed Koch’s Postulates - Germ Theory)
What are Koch’s Postulates
- causative agent must be found in all cases of the infectious disease
- disease organism must be isolated in pure culture
- inoculation of disease organism into healthy,suseptical animal must produce the same disease
- disease organism must be recovered from infected animal
what are the 3 domains of life
- Eubacteria
- Archaea
- Eucarya
What are the Characteristics of Eubacteria (3)
- prokaryotic
- single cell
- most commonly shaped as coccus (round) or bacillus (rod)
What are the characteristics of Archaea (4)
- prokaryotic single cell organisms
- Methanogens (grow in the absence of O2 and produce CH4)
- Halophiles - Live in areas of high salt concentration
- Thermophiles - live in areas of high temperature
What is the characteristic of Eucarya and what are the 5 types
-eukaryotic
-animals
- humans
- fungi
- Algae
- protozoa
do Fungi photosynthesise
No
Do fungi have a cell wall
Yes
are Fungi Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Eukaryotic
what is the name of viruses that can infect bacteria
Bacteriophages
what are the 3 mechanisms of mobility for protozoa
- cilia
- pseudopodia
- flagella
are Algae unicellular or multicellular
Can be both
what are the two types of Fungi
Mould and Yeast
Are Mould and Yeast unicellular or multicellular
Moulds - multicellular
Yeast - unicellular
What microorganisms produce hyphae, and what is it
It is produced by Mould, they are filaments
How does Mould and Yeast reproduce
Mould reproduces sexually and asexually ( spores )
Yeast reproduces asexually (by budding)
what 2 things are in the cell wall of a bacteria
- polysaccharides
- peptidoglycan
How can you view a virus, and when was the first photo taken
- must be viewed with an electron microscope
- first photo was taken in1939
what are the 3 primary structures of a virus
- Nucleic Acid (DNA ORR RNA)
- protein coat (capsid)
- some have a lipid envelope
How can a virus reproduce/ replicate
- they cannot reproduce independently
- must replicate inside a host cell using the host’s metabolism
