Intro to biochemistry and clinical biochemistry (W11) Flashcards

1
Q

what are the types of Amino Acid R groups

A
  • aromatic ring
  • polar or nonpolar
  • pos or neg charged
  • acidic or basic
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2
Q

are amino acids chiral

A

most of them are except glycine

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3
Q

are Amino acids L or D stereoisomers

A

most naturally occurring ones are L

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4
Q

what are the names for the amino and carboxyl ends of a peptide chain

A

the amino terminal is called the N-terminus the carboxyl end is called the C-terminus

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5
Q

what % of AAs are used as metabolic energy and how can they contribute to inborn errors of metabolism

A

they are 10-15%

many inborn errors are due to an enzyme missing in the metabolism of amino acids

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6
Q

what are the 4 levels of protein structure

A

primary - long chain of AAs
secondary - beta sheets and alpha helices
tertiary - final folded form of the protein
quaternary - 2 or more tertiary proteins in association

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7
Q

what type of bonds make up the primary structure and the other structures

A

primary - covalent bonds
secondary/tertiary/quaternary - non covalent bonds

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8
Q

what are 9 protein general facts
(FIDDGoFDBFF)

A
  • they can be classified into families
  • they can interact with each other
  • they are dynamic structures
  • they can be comprised of domains
  • they are generally globular or fibrous
  • the final shape can be denatured by conditions
  • they can act as buffers
  • they have a range of flexibility
  • they contain a wide range of functional groups
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9
Q

what is a domain in a protein

A

independently folded structures that can be found in two or more proteins

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10
Q

what are the 3 major structures of lipids and some examples

A
  • storage (fuels, insulation, protection, heat production)
  • structural (membranes)
  • specific biological actions (biological messengers, cofactors, electron carriers)
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11
Q

why are lipids not true macromolecules

A

the monomers are not covalently bonded to each other

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of lipid aggregates

A
  • micelles
  • liposomes
  • membranes
    -lipoproteins
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13
Q

what are 4 types of lipoproteins and what do they do

A
  • chylomicrons - transport dietary lipids to peripheral muscles
  • VLDL - contain lipids and proteins and transfer lipids from liver to peripheries
  • LDL - transport cholesterol to peripheries
  • HDL - protein rich aggregate produced in the liver and small intestine (that collects cortisol and transports it to the liver)
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14
Q

what are 9 of the functions of carbs

A
  • energy source
  • cell recognition
  • cell to cell communication
  • cell adhesion
  • structure
  • antibiotics
  • coenzymes
  • activated carriers
  • nucleic acids
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15
Q

how are carbs named

A

aldo/pento- number of C - ose

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16
Q

define anomers

A

isomers that differ in structure around their anomeric carbon

17
Q

where is the OH group in alpha and beta carbs cyclic structure

A

alpha = below the ring
beta = above the ring

18
Q

How are disaccharides formed

A

a glycosidic bond forms between the anomeric carbon and the OH group of the other

19
Q

define homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides

A

homo- all the same sugar monomer
hetero - one or more different monomer

20
Q

what % of men and women have diabetes and what % are undiagnosed in AUS

A

8% of men
9% of women
50% undiagnosed

21
Q

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

type 1 = insulin resistance
type 2 = deficiency of insulin (loss of b cells)

22
Q

what is glycosuria and is is suggestive or diagnostic

A

it is a SUGGESTIVE test for glucose in the urine
diagnostic is through blood glucose

23
Q

what is glycosuria and is it suggestive or diagnostic

A

urine glucose test
- it is suggestive

24
Q

what are the 3 ways glucose can be tested

A
  • random
  • fasting
  • glucose tolerance test
25
Q

what is the diagnosis of diabetes based off

A

plasma glucose
eg. >7mmol/L fasting

26
Q

what can photometry be used to determine

A
  • the structure of a molecule
  • the concentration of a solution
27
Q

what are the 3 characteristics of electromagnetic radiation

A

wavelength, frequence, intensity

28
Q

what are the 3 ways electromagnetic radiation can interact with matter

A

reflected, transmitted, absorbed

29
Q

what is intensity (in spectro)

A

the amount of energy transmitted through an area over time

30
Q

describe the equation A = εcl

A

A= absorbance
ε = molar absorptivity constant (L.mol-1cm-1)
c = concentration
l = path length