Intro to biochemistry and clinical biochemistry (W11) Flashcards
what are the types of Amino Acid R groups
- aromatic ring
- polar or nonpolar
- pos or neg charged
- acidic or basic
are amino acids chiral
most of them are except glycine
are Amino acids L or D stereoisomers
most naturally occurring ones are L
what are the names for the amino and carboxyl ends of a peptide chain
the amino terminal is called the N-terminus the carboxyl end is called the C-terminus
what % of AAs are used as metabolic energy and how can they contribute to inborn errors of metabolism
they are 10-15%
many inborn errors are due to an enzyme missing in the metabolism of amino acids
what are the 4 levels of protein structure
primary - long chain of AAs
secondary - beta sheets and alpha helices
tertiary - final folded form of the protein
quaternary - 2 or more tertiary proteins in association
what type of bonds make up the primary structure and the other structures
primary - covalent bonds
secondary/tertiary/quaternary - non covalent bonds
what are 9 protein general facts
(FIDDGoFDBFF)
- they can be classified into families
- they can interact with each other
- they are dynamic structures
- they can be comprised of domains
- they are generally globular or fibrous
- the final shape can be denatured by conditions
- they can act as buffers
- they have a range of flexibility
- they contain a wide range of functional groups
what is a domain in a protein
independently folded structures that can be found in two or more proteins
what are the 3 major structures of lipids and some examples
- storage (fuels, insulation, protection, heat production)
- structural (membranes)
- specific biological actions (biological messengers, cofactors, electron carriers)
why are lipids not true macromolecules
the monomers are not covalently bonded to each other
what are the 4 types of lipid aggregates
- micelles
- liposomes
- membranes
-lipoproteins
what are 4 types of lipoproteins and what do they do
- chylomicrons - transport dietary lipids to peripheral muscles
- VLDL - contain lipids and proteins and transfer lipids from liver to peripheries
- LDL - transport cholesterol to peripheries
- HDL - protein rich aggregate produced in the liver and small intestine (that collects cortisol and transports it to the liver)
what are 9 of the functions of carbs
- energy source
- cell recognition
- cell to cell communication
- cell adhesion
- structure
- antibiotics
- coenzymes
- activated carriers
- nucleic acids
how are carbs named
aldo/pento- number of C - ose
define anomers
isomers that differ in structure around their anomeric carbon
where is the OH group in alpha and beta carbs cyclic structure
alpha = below the ring
beta = above the ring
How are disaccharides formed
a glycosidic bond forms between the anomeric carbon and the OH group of the other
define homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides
homo- all the same sugar monomer
hetero - one or more different monomer
what % of men and women have diabetes and what % are undiagnosed in AUS
8% of men
9% of women
50% undiagnosed
what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes
type 1 = insulin resistance
type 2 = deficiency of insulin (loss of b cells)
what is glycosuria and is is suggestive or diagnostic
it is a SUGGESTIVE test for glucose in the urine
diagnostic is through blood glucose
what is glycosuria and is it suggestive or diagnostic
urine glucose test
- it is suggestive
what are the 3 ways glucose can be tested
- random
- fasting
- glucose tolerance test
what is the diagnosis of diabetes based off
plasma glucose
eg. >7mmol/L fasting
what can photometry be used to determine
- the structure of a molecule
- the concentration of a solution
what are the 3 characteristics of electromagnetic radiation
wavelength, frequence, intensity
what are the 3 ways electromagnetic radiation can interact with matter
reflected, transmitted, absorbed
what is intensity (in spectro)
the amount of energy transmitted through an area over time
describe the equation A = εcl
A= absorbance
ε = molar absorptivity constant (L.mol-1cm-1)
c = concentration
l = path length
