From Labs

Question 1

how can we see an antibody-antigen complex (what does it produce)

Answer 1

it forms a white precipitate which can be seen in a solid (agarose) or liquid (immunoprecipitin) phase

Question 2

what is one similarity and one difference when using agarose or immunoprecipitin to do precipitation test (with serum)

Answer 2

similarity - both will form a white precipitate for a positive reaction
difference - liquid will take 1-2 mins, solid will take 1-2 days

Question 3

what is antiserum

Answer 3

a source of ANTIBODIES

Question 4

if antiserum X reacts with serum Y and not serum Z, which can we assume it is ?

Answer 4

Serum Z

Question 5

how do you name an Antiserum

Answer 5

Name of animal it was grown in - Anti - antigen it reacts against - antiserum

eg. grown in a rabbit, against horse RBCs
Rabbit- anti- Horse RBC- antiserum

Question 6

how do you name an antibody (that is produced the same way as an antiserum)

Answer 6

same, but change the antiserum to antibody at the end

Question 7

define haemagglutination

Answer 7

the agglutination of RBCs

Question 8

what is on the surface of a A, B, AB, and O Blood groups

Answer 8

A has A antigen
B has B antigens
AB has A and B antigens
O has neither A or B antigens

Question 9

what antibodies will be in the serum of someone in each blood type

Answer 9

Type A will have anti-B antibodies
Type B will have anti-A antibodies
Type AB will have neither
Type O will have both

Question 10

what is forward grouping

Answer 10

a test to indicate which ANTIGEN is in the sample
a positive reaction will be between A and anti-A etc.

Question 11

what is the antigen in the serum if it agglutinated with anti-AB antibodies

Answer 11

it could be A or B or AB - more tests are needed

Question 12

what is the difference between forward and reverse grouping (in blood type testing)

Answer 12

forward - tests for antigens
reverse - tests for antibodies

Question 13

what will a pos reaction with forward and reverse grouping indicate

Answer 13

forward - a positive reaction (agglutination) will occur between type A and anti-A serum ( indicated A antigens and therefore type A blood)

reverse - a positive reaction (

Question 14

what is used in forward and reverse grouping

Answer 14

forward = patient cells + known antisera

reverse = patient serum + known cells

Question 15

what information is gained by an antibody titration and describe the process

Answer 15

it is an indication of how high the concentration of antibodies is.
it is done by mixing the antiserum with the sample and diluting it across the line of cups
the one that still agglutinates at the lowest dilution has the highest concentration of antibodies.

Question 16

What does the rows of Normal Rabbit Serum and Phosphate buffered saline tell us (in the antibody titration)

Answer 16

NRS - will anything else in rabbit serum react to give a pos looking result

PBS - check if cells have been treated properly ( not sticking)

Question 17

what did we use to stain the buccal cells

Answer 17

toluidine blue

Question 18

what are the advantages of cytology instead of histopathology

Answer 18

• better view of cell morphology
• cheaper, less invasive, usually faster

Question 19

what are the advantages of using histopathology rather than cytology

Answer 19

• view of overall architecture
• can see what’s happening in relation to the things around it

Question 20

How is the May Grunwald Giemsa stain used

Answer 20

it is used to stain blood film
1. fix in methanol (10mins)
2. stain in May Grunwald (10 mins)
3. stain in Giemsa solution (10 mins)
4. rinse in buffered water
5. air dry
6. mount in depex

Question 21

what is counted in the WCC

Answer 21

the total number of WBCs per litre of blood (doesnt matter what type)

Question 22

if the cells in a counting chamber are on the edge should they be counted or not ?

Answer 22

yes if they are on the top or right edge
no if they are on the bollow or left

Question 23

how is dilution factor calculated

Answer 23

Volume of sample ÷ Total volume = dilution
* reciprocal of this give Dilution Factor

Question 24

what is the overall magnification used for a differential white cell count

Answer 24

400x

Question 25

what 8 reagents are needed for a PCR/Electrophoresis

Answer 25

• oligonucleotide primer
• DNA template
• Nucleotide triphosphate mix
• Agarose gel
• Agarose gel loading buffer
• Agarose gel running buffer
• DNA staining solution
• DNA polymerase enzyme buffer