From Labs Flashcards
how can we see an antibody-antigen complex (what does it produce)
it forms a white precipitate which can be seen in a solid (agarose) or liquid (immunoprecipitin) phase
what is one similarity and one difference when using agarose or immunoprecipitin to do precipitation test (with serum)
similarity - both will form a white precipitate for a positive reaction
difference - liquid will take 1-2 mins, solid will take 1-2 days
what is antiserum
a source of ANTIBODIES
if antiserum X reacts with serum Y and not serum Z, which can we assume it is ?
Serum Z
how do you name an Antiserum
Name of animal it was grown in - Anti - antigen it reacts against - antiserum
eg. grown in a rabbit, against horse RBCs
Rabbit- anti- Horse RBC- antiserum
how do you name an antibody (that is produced the same way as an antiserum)
same, but change the antiserum to antibody at the end
define haemagglutination
the agglutination of RBCs
what is on the surface of a A, B, AB, and O Blood groups
A has A antigen
B has B antigens
AB has A and B antigens
O has neither A or B antigens
what antibodies will be in the serum of someone in each blood type
Type A will have anti-B antibodies
Type B will have anti-A antibodies
Type AB will have neither
Type O will have both
what is forward grouping
a test to indicate which ANTIGEN is in the sample
a positive reaction will be between A and anti-A etc.
what is the antigen in the serum if it agglutinated with anti-AB antibodies
it could be A or B or AB - more tests are needed
what is the difference between forward and reverse grouping (in blood type testing)
forward - tests for antigens
reverse - tests for antibodies
what will a pos reaction with forward and reverse grouping indicate
forward - a positive reaction (agglutination) will occur between type A and anti-A serum ( indicated A antigens and therefore type A blood)
reverse - a positive reaction (
what is used in forward and reverse grouping
forward = patient cells + known antisera
reverse = patient serum + known cells
what information is gained by an antibody titration and describe the process
it is an indication of how high the concentration of antibodies is.
it is done by mixing the antiserum with the sample and diluting it across the line of cups
the one that still agglutinates at the lowest dilution has the highest concentration of antibodies.
What does the rows of Normal Rabbit Serum and Phosphate buffered saline tell us (in the antibody titration)
NRS - will anything else in rabbit serum react to give a pos looking result
PBS - check if cells have been treated properly ( not sticking)
what did we use to stain the buccal cells
toluidine blue
what are the advantages of cytology instead of histopathology
- better view of cell morphology
- cheaper, less invasive, usually faster
what are the advantages of using histopathology rather than cytology
- view of overall architecture
- can see what’s happening in relation to the things around it
How is the May Grunwald Giemsa stain used
it is used to stain blood film
1. fix in methanol (10mins)
2. stain in May Grunwald (10 mins)
3. stain in Giemsa solution (10 mins)
4. rinse in buffered water
5. air dry
6. mount in depex
what is counted in the WCC
the total number of WBCs per litre of blood (doesnt matter what type)
if the cells in a counting chamber are on the edge should they be counted or not ?
yes if they are on the top or right edge
no if they are on the bollow or left
how is dilution factor calculated
Volume of sample ÷ Total volume = dilution
* reciprocal of this give Dilution Factor
what is the overall magnification used for a differential white cell count
400x
what 8 reagents are needed for a PCR/Electrophoresis
- oligonucleotide primer
- DNA template
- Nucleotide triphosphate mix
- Agarose gel
- Agarose gel loading buffer
- Agarose gel running buffer
- DNA staining solution
- DNA polymerase enzyme buffer
