Mycology Parasitology overview Flashcards
Culture on bacterial lawn, nasal entry, CNS, protozoa
Sx- granulomatous amebic encephalitis, chronic disease in IC
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoebiasis
Hyphae bifurcate at acute angles, inhalation of spores from soil, fungus, CNS
Sx- fungus ball in tissue, AIDS associated encephalitis
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillosis
CMI deficiency, monomorphic, yeast only, unique capsule, fungi, CNS, inhalation of spores or yeast from soil below pigeon roosts
Sx- fever, HA, stiff neck and disorientation, dissemination
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcosis
Cysticerci larvae are released and invade brain and eye, ingestion of pork tapeworm eggs, cestode, CNS
Sx- calcified pockets in brain
Taenia solium
Cysticercosis
Associated with diabetes, morphology of asexual fruiting structure and mycelium, inhalation of conidia, fungi, CNS
Sx- tissue destruction in brain
Rhizopus sp, Abside sp, Mucor sp.
Mycormycosis- CNS
Zygomycosis- CNS
Free-living in water, protozoa, transmitted as a trophozoite, no cyst, inhalation of dust, CNS
Sx- encephalitis or meningoencephalitis
Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria infection
Larval worm invade many tissues, cestode, CNS, ingestion, sparganum larva in contaminated water or fish
Sx- motile worm in brain, calcified pockets
Diphyllobothrium
Sparganosis
Oocysts from cat litter boxes, protozoa, CNS, oocyst inhalation or undercooked pork ingestion
Sx- mono-lik, severe congenital or AIDS associated disease
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis
Africa, CNS, protozoa, Tsetse fly bite transmits a trypomastigote
Sx- headache, fatigue, coma
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, T.b. rhodesiense
Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Free living in water, protozoa, transmitted as a trophozoite, no cyst, nonsterile eye solutions, swimming in warm water, inhalation of dust, EYE
Sx- keratitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis
Acanthamoeba
Acanthamoebiasis
calabar swellings, nematode, transcutaneous, mango fly bite containing worms, EYE
Sx- migrating worm seen in eye
Loa loa
Loiasis
associated with diabetes morphology of asexual fruiting structure and mycelium, inhalation of conidia, fungi, EYE
Sx- tissue destruction
Rhizopus sp, Absida sp, Mucor sp
Crescent-shaped macroconidia of Fusarium, conidia in soil inoculated into eye, fungi, EYE
Sx- raised corneal ulcers with occasional satellite lesions, plaques, or hypopyon
Fusarium solani
Candida albicans
Mycotic keratitis
Associated with fly habitat around rivers, transcutaneous, black fly bite containing worms, nematode, EYE
Sx- acute and chronic inflammation involving many tissues but most botably the eyes, hyperpigmented skin
Onchocerca volvulus
Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
larval worm invade many tissues, ingestion sparganum larva in contaminated water or fish, cestode, EYE
Sx- motile worm in eye calcified pockets
Diphyllobothrium latum
Sparganosis
Amoeba with ingested RBCs, cyst ingestion from fecal contaminated food, water, amoeba, GI
Sx- colitis, diarrhea with mucus and blood in severe cases, liver abscess
Entamoeba histolytica
amoebiasis, intestinal
amoebic dysentery
Most common helminthic infection worldwide, larvae travel from intestine to lung then back to intestine, adult worms are 30cm long, eggs are passed in feces, ingestion of eggs in fecal-contaminated water, nematode, GI
Sx- pneumonitis, intestinal perforation
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascariasis
very large (50 x 100µm) protozoa, cyst ingestion, swine fecal associated, GI
Sx- colitis, bloody stools
Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis
dimorphic, budding yeast, invasive septate hyphae, pseudohyphae in tissue, germ tube formation in serum, chlamydospores on corn meal agar, normal flora become invasive via germ tube or pseudohyphae, fungi, GI
Sx- creamy or cheesy growth in mouth or esophagus, moist skin ares
Candida albicans
Candida glabrata
Candidiasis (oral thrush)
Chinese liver fluke, Eastern Asia, operculated eggs in feces, ingestion of larvae in undercooked infected fish, trematode, GI
Sx- hepatitis, biliary obstruction
Clonorchis sinensis
Clonochiasis
acid-fast cysts (uniformly stained-darkly), oocyst ingestion, protozoa, GI
Sx- AIDs associated diarrhea
Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidiasis
acid-fast cysts (variably stained), oocyst ingestion, protozoa, GI
Sx- AIDs associated diarrhea
Cyclospora cayetanesis
Cyclosporiasis
AIDs associated, oocyst ingestion, protozoa, GI
Sx- AIDs associated diarrhea
Cystoisospora belli
Cystoisosporiasis
No cyst, associated with pinworm infections, pinworm egg ingestion, protozoa, GI
Sx- moderate diarrhea
Dientamoeba fragilis
Dientamoebiasis
Eggs are passed in feces, motile, larval worm invade many tissues, ingestion of undercooked fish containing tissue cysts, cestode, GI
Sx- mild diarrhea, vit B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum, fish tapeworm
Diphyllobothriasis (fish tapeworm infectation)
Pumpkin seed tapeworm, feces contain egg packets of 8-15 eggs, ingestion of eggs in crushed fleas (from dog saliva), cestode, GI
Sx- asymptomatic to mld diarrhea
Dipylidium caninum
Dipylidium caninum infection
oncosphere larvae invade liver, lung, CNS and bone producing hydatid cysts which contain hydatid sand and fluid, Casoni skin test, ingestion fo eggs, Cestode, GI
Sx- large abdominal cysts causing organ destruction and inflammation
Echinococcus granulosus
E. multilocularis
Echinococcosis (hydatid disease)
sheep liver fluke, operculated eggs in feces, ingestion of larvae on water cress, trematode, GI
Sx- RUQ pain, fullness, jaundice, organ destruction, hepatitis and cirrhosis
Fasciola hepatica
Fascioliasis
Giant intestinal fluke, Southeast Asia, India, operculated eggs in feces, ingestion of larvae on water chestnuts, trematode, GI
Sx- diarrhea to malabsorption syndrome
Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciolopsiasis
sylvatic distrib., Sucker, face-like appearance, cyst ingestion from fecal contaminated water, protozoa, GI
Sx- duodenitis mild diarrhea to malabsorption syndrome
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
Hookworms (oral biting plates), eggs passed in feces, larvae go to lungs and then to the intestine, transcutaneous penetration of larvae from fecal-contaminated soil, nematode, GI
Sx- pruritis at skin penetration site, diarrhea, pneumonitis, anemia
Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus
Hookworm infection
Most common human tapeworm in the USA, 3cm long, eggs are passed in feces, ingestion of eggs in food contaminated with bugs or mouse/rat feces, cestode, GI
Sx- asymptomatic to mild diarrhea
Hymenolepis nana
Hymenolepiasis
Asia, Africa, sandfly bite transmits a promastigote, protozoa, GI
Sx- fever, diarrhea, liver, spleen, kidney damage
Leishmania donovani
Leishmaniasis visceral (Kala-azar)
ingestion of conidia, fungi, GI
Sx- AIDs associated chronic diarrhea, slim or wasting disease
Microsporidia, Enterocytozoon bieneusi
Microsporidiasis
Blood flukes, Tropics, skin penetration by free-swimming larvae, trematode, GI
Sx- granuloma in liver, spleen, intestine, lung, and CNS
Schistosoma mansoni
S. japonicum
Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis, cercarial itch)
go to lung, then to intestine, larvae frequently seen in sputum, transcutaneous penetration of larvae from fecal-contaminated soil, nematode, GI
Sx- abdominal pain, nausea, pnemonitis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloidiasis (ground itch)
beef tapeworm, ingestion of undercooked beef containing tissue cysts, cestode, GI
Sx- asymptomatic to mild diarrhea
Taenia saginata
Taeniasis (beef tapeworm)
eggs are passed in feces, ingestion of undercooked pork containg cysts (tissue variety, not a protozoan-type cyst) with bladderworm larvae, cestode
Sx- asymptomatic to mild diarrhea
Taenia solium, pork tapeworm
Taeniasis (pork tapeworm)
larvae travel from the intestine to all major organs, eosinophilic granulomas and necrosis are widespread, no eggs in feces, ingestion of eggs, nematode, GI
Sx- RUQ pain, fullness, jaundice, organ destruction
Toxocara canis (dog) Toxocara cati (cat) Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon)
Toxocariasis (visceral larval migrans)
whip worm, larvae indavde and are confined to the intestinal mucosa, eggs are passed in feces, ingestion of eggs, nematode, GI
Sx- bloody diarrhea, appendicitis
Trichuris trichuria
Trichuriasis
dimorphic budding yeast, invasive septate hyphae, pseudohyphae in tissue, germ tube formation in serum, chlamydospores on corn meal agar, fungi, normal flora become invasive via germ tube or pseudohyphae, fungi, GU
Sx- creamy or cheesy growth, vagina, mouth, moist skin areas, endocarditis and GI disease
Candida albicans, Candida glabreta
Candidiasis (vaginal thrush)
blood flukes, tropics, skin penetration by free-swimming larvae, trematode, GU
Sx- granuloma in bladder, blood in urine
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosomiasis- bladder
flagellated, no cyst, seen on pap smear, transmitted as a trophozoite, STI, protozoa, GU
Sx- vaginitis, urethritis, cyctitis, prostatitis
Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
North and South America, kissing bug bite transmits a trypomastigote, protozoa, HEART
Sx- multi-organ involvement, heart, megacolon, megaesophagus
Trypanosome cruzi
Trypanosomiasis, American (Chagas’ disease)
Cysticerci larvae are released and invade muscle, ingestion of pork tapeworm eggs, cestode, MSK
Sx- calcified pockets in muscle
Taenia solium
Cysticercosis-muscle
Marked eosinophilia, larvae migrate from intestine to striated muscle where they form calcified cysts, ingestion of undercooked pork or other carnivore containing cysts containing larval worms, nematode, MSK
Sx- calcified pockets in muscle
Trichinella spiralis
Trichinosis (encysted worm larvae)
hyphae bifurcate at acute angles, inhalation of spores from soil, fungus, PULM
Sx- fungus ball in tissue, AIDs associated encephalitis
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillosis
yeast cells have thick walls and broad bases in tissue, dimorphic, inhalation of conidia, fungi, PULM
Sx- granulomatous and suppurative lesions of the lung, dissemination to skin, resembles tuberculosis
Blastomyces dermatidis
Blastomycosis, North American
organisms become quiescent for years (pos. skin test), after the quiescent period, restricted to central and south america, dimporphic yeast in tissue have multiple buds, fungi, inhalation of conidia, PULM
Sx- lesions arise in the lung and metastasize to skin, mucocutaneous tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, liver and/or adrenals, resembles candidiasis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Blastomycosis, South America
Limited to SW US desert, unhalation of arthrospores, dimorphic spherules form in tissue, inhalation of arthrospores, fungi, PULM
Sx- positive delayed type hypersensitivity, PNA, skin rash, flue-like Sx to serious disseminated infections
Coccidioides immitis
Coccidioidomycosis
CMI deficiency, monomorphic, yeast only, unique capsule, inhalation of spores or yeast from soil below pigeon roosts, fungi, PULM
Sx- fever, pulmonary congestion
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcosis-pulmonary
Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio river valleys, yeast in tissue, tuberculate macroconidia in culture, dimorphic, inhalation of macroconidia from soil with bird/bat fecal material, fungi, PULM
Sx- pulmonary, mild to severe, skin lesions
Histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasmosis
Associated with diabetes, morphology of asexual fruiting structure and mycelium, inhalation of conida, fungi, PULM
Sx- tissue destruction
Rhizopus sp.
Absidia sp., Mucor sp.
Mycormycosis-pulm, zygomycosis-pulm
Lung fluke, tropics, ingestion, larvae in undercooked infected crab, crayfish, trematode, PULM
Sx- pneumonitis, hepatitis
Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus kellicotti (USA)
Paragonimiasis
limited to HIV-infected individuals in Thailand and southern China, Dimorphic fungus intracellular yeast with transverse septum in vivo (37˚) typical penicillium mold in vitro (25˚), invitro it is water soluble and has diffusible red pigment, inhaled spores from soil, fungi, PULM
Sx- lung disease, disseminated to skin results in shin lesions resembling molluscum contagiosum
Talaromyces marnefei
Penicilliosis
Yeast with black spot, inhalation of cysts respiratory droplets, fungi, PULM
Sx- subclinical and latent to AIDs-associated interstitial pneumonia, also in malnourished or immune-deficient children
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Pneumocystis pneumonia
bugs live in the bed or nearby and feed on humans at night, bed bug bite at skin, inflammatory products, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- isolated pruitus and dermatitis
Cimex (Bed bugs)
Bed bug bite
dimorphic, budding yeast, invasive septate hyphae, pseudophyphae in tissue, germ tube formation in serum, chlamydospores on corn meal agar, normal flora become invasive via germ tube or pseudohyphae, fungi, SKIN
Sx- inflammation of moist skin areas
Candida albicans
Candida glabrata
Candidiasis- cutaneous
fresh water lakes, skin penetration by free-swimming larvae, trematode, SKIN
Sx- pruritis granuloma confined to skin
Schistosomes
Cerciasis-nonhuman (swimmer’s itch)
medlar bodies, conidia in soil inoculated into skin by puncture wound, fungi, SKIN
Sx- warty nodules on skin, cauliflower-like
Fonsecaea pedrosoi
Chromoblastomycosis
Hookworm of dogs and cats, larvae penetrate skin but remain there, burrowing, transcutaneous penetration of larvae from fecal-contaminated soil, nematode, SKIN
Sx- creeping eruption or ground itch
Ancylostoma braziliense
Cutaneous larval migrans
pinworm, most common helminthic infection in USA, sticky tape mounts from perianal sample show eggs associated with Dientamoeba fragilis infections, ingestion of eggs in bedding and dust, nematode, SKIN
Sx- perianal pruritus, genitourinary infections
Enterobius vermicularis
Enterobiasis
isolated pruritus and dermatitis, fleas typically bite, feed and leave the human host, flea bite at skin, inflammatory products, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- pruritus (bite, vehicle for bubonic plague, etc)
Siphonaptera (fleas)
flea bites
Symptoms subsite in 48h, Glossy black spider with a red hour-glass on the abdomen, black widow spider bite of skin, intoxication, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- acute sharp pain at bite site
Lactrodectus mactans
Lactodectism
Asia, Africa, Europe, sandfly bite transmits a promastigote, protozoa, SKIN
Sx- skin ulcers leading to scars
Leishmania tropica
Leishmaniasis, cutaneous (oriental sore)
South America, sandfly bite transmits a promastigote, protozoa, SKIN
Sx- lips, mouth, ears, tissue destruction, scarring
Leishmania braziliensis
Leishmaniasis mucocutaneous
brown reclusa spider, violin spider, brown recluse bite, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- painless bite, vesicule and ulcer expanding over weeks to months
Loxosceles reclusa
Loxoscelism; necrotic arachinidism
white, brown, yellow, or black granules in lesion exudate, conidia in soil inoculated into skin by puncture wound, fungi, SKIN
Sx- draining sinus tracts in skin (lower leg) or mucous membranes
Pseudallescheria boydii
Madurella mycetomatis
Mycetoma
close contact with humans or fomites, eggs that are cemented to hairs in the region, inflammatory products, louse eggs transmitted human or animal to human via skin contact, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- pruritus of the scalp or body regions
Pediculus humanus (body louse); Pediculus humanus capitus (head louse)
Pediculosis, head or body lice (vehicle for typhus, etc)
STI, pruritus, eggs that are cemented to hairs in the region, inflammatory products, louse eggs trasmitted human to human via intimate genital contact, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- pruritus of genitals
Phthrius pubis
Phthiriasis (genital crabs)
cosmetic, spore from soil, fungi, SKIN
Sx- black noduel on hiar shaft composed of spore sacs and sproes
Piedraia hortai
black piedra
mycelia that fragment into arthrospores, skins contact, fungi, SKIN
Sx- creme-colored nodules on hair shaft
Trichosporon beigelii
white piedra
“spaghetti and meatballs” appearance, skin contact, fungi, SKIN
Sx- hypopigmented or hyperpigmented macules in skin
Malassezia furfur
Pityriasis versicolor
Limited to the Americas, live in cracks, crevices, thatched roofs, feed at night about the human face (kissing bug), vector for Chagas disease, young children are targeted, classical periorbital edema secondary to the bite, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- Chagoma, Romana’s sign
Triatomid bugs (kissing bugs)
Rediviid bug bite (kissing bug bite)
STD, burrows in upper epidermis (interdigital, behind the knee and at skin folds), long-term living in the host, mites transmitted human to human via skin contact, inflammatory products, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- dermatitis, intense pruritus
Sarcoptes scabiei
scabies
dimorphic, budding cigar-shaped yeast in tissue, rosette pattern of conidiation on culture at 25˚C, conidia in soil inoculated into skin by puncture wound, fungi, SKIN
Sx- nodules and ulcers along lymphatics
Sporothrix schenckii
Sporotrichosis (Rose-Grower’s Disease)
Scybala (fecal pellet in burrow), tick bite, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- vehicle for babesiosis, etc. Tick burrows into the soft skin, taking a blood meal, pruritus at skin penetration site
Dermacentor, Ixodes
Tick bite
Black 2-celled oval yeast in skin scrapings, skin contact, fungi, SKIN
Sx- black macules
Hortaea werneckii
Tinea nigra
UV fluorescence, arthrospores germinate on skin, fungi, SKIN
Sx- pruritic skin infection, extends into the epidermis, may invade hair and nail, keratin-loving, inflammation
Dermatophytes- Microsporum, Trichophyton, Epidermophyton
Tinea or ringworm
minute size, appear as a reddish dot, bite and leave human host, pruritus at skin penetration site, chiggers, arthropod, SKIN
Sx- isolated pruritic papules
Eytrombicula sp. Trombicula sp.
Trombiculiasis (chigger bite)
pyriform bodies, tick bite transmits a pyriform body, protozoa, SYSTEMIC
Sx- mild malaria without periodicity
Babesia microti
Babesiosis
Marked eosinophilia, transcutaneous, mosquito bite containing worms, nematode, SYSTEMIC
Sx- microfilarial clogging of the lymphatics
Wuchereria bancrofti
Brugia malaya
Elephantiasis
Symptoms subsite in 48h. Glossy black spider with a red hour-glass on the abdomen, black widow spider bite, intoxication, arthropod, SYSTEMIC
Sx- toxemia, acute sharp pain at bite site, muscular cramps, chest pain, nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, intestinal spasms and visual difficulties, abdominal tetanic spasms produce a highly characteristic board-like abdomen
Lactrodectus mactans
Lactodectism
attacks mature RBCs, mosquito bite transmits a sporozoite, protozoa, SYSTEMIC
Sx- periodic recurring fever, every 4th day
Plasmodium malariae
Malaria, benign quartan
fulminating, attacks all types of RBCs, sausage-shaped gametocytes, mosquito bite transmits a sporozoite, protozoa, SYSTEMIC
Sx- periodic recurring fever, every 3rd day, sometimes almost continuous
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria, malignant tertian
Attacks immature RBCs, hypnozoites, mosquito bite transmits a sporozoite, protozoa, SYSTEMIC
Sx- periodic recurring fever, every 3rd day that returns after a significant gap with no apparent disease
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale
Malaria, relapsing, Benign tertian
attacks RBCs, mosquito bite transmits a sporozoite, protozoa, SYSTEMIC
Sx- periodic recurring fever, every 3rd day
Plasmodium knowlesi
Malaria, tertian