mycology

Question 1

phylum of most pathogenic fungi

Answer 1

ascomycota

Question 2

pathogenic fungi in Basidiomycota phylum

Answer 2

crytococcus

Question 3

types of fungal pathogenesis

Answer 3

allergic reaction, mycetismus, mycotoxicosis, and tissue infection

Question 4

superficial mycoses

Answer 4

infection of superficial surfaces of skin and hair, NON-INFLAMMATORY, no invasion of living tissue.
ex: malassezia furfur, piedra hortal

Question 5

cutantaneous mycoses

Answer 5

infection of the keratinized layer of skin, hair, and nails - fungi attack and digest keratin. involves penatration of epidermis and dermis

Question 6

subcutaneous mycoses

Answer 6

infection of the deeper layers of skin (often result of trauma that penetrates skin). may develop slowly forming abscesses of lesions.
ex: sporathrix schenckii

Question 7

systemic mycoses

Answer 7

infection of any tissue, particularly the pulmonary, lymphatic, and circulatory system.

Question 8

systemic mycoses

Answer 8

infection of any tissue, particularly the pulmonary, lymphatic, and circulatory system.

Question 9

factors that affect infection control

Answer 9

(1) application time (proper time),
(2) number of organisms (more biofilm more disinfect.),
(3) type of organism and temperature (spore vs non),
(4) concentration of killing agent (can’t be too high/low)

Question 10

asepsis

Answer 10

Handwashing, Gloves, Gowns. protocols in hospital and clinics to prevent contamination

Question 11

Airborne precaution/procedures

Answer 11

rooms with negative air pressure, surgical masks or respirators

Question 12

droplet precaution

Answer 12

gowns, gloves, and masks

Question 13

contact precautions

Answer 13

gowns, gloves, and masks

Question 14

nosocomial

Answer 14

infection aquired in the hospital

Question 15

titan cell

Answer 15

fungi that temporarily can enlarge to size greater than phagocyte to avoid phagocytosis

Question 16

alcohol disinfectant

Answer 16

70-95% alcohol kills bacteria

Question 17

phenol chemical disinfectant

Answer 17

chlorhexidine

Question 18

halogen chemical disinfectantss

Answer 18

2% iodine, 5% hypochlorite (chlorine)

Question 19

surfactants

Answer 19

chemicals used to solubilize and remove bacteria

Question 20

pasteurization

Answer 20

heating of liquids to 55-75 degrees celcius

Question 21

disinfect

Answer 21

killing of many but not all microorganisms (spores may survive)

Question 22

sterilization

Answer 22

killing all microorganisms (no spores) - but not necessarily microbial products

Question 23

sterilization methods

Answer 23

dry heat, autoclave (moist heat under pressure), ethylene oxide, and UV and ionization radiation

Question 24

does dry heat or moist heat need a longer time and higher temperature?

Answer 24

dry heat. (160-C/2 hr vs autoclave @121-C/15 min)

Question 25

pyrogen-free

Answer 25

removal of LPS/endotoxin

Question 26

sterilization

Answer 26

killing all microorganisms (no spores) - but not necessarily microbial products like LPS

Question 27

sterilization methods

Answer 27

dry heat, autoclave (moist heat under pressure), ethylene oxide, and UV and ionization radiation

Question 28

does dry heat or moist heat need a longer time and higher temperature?

Answer 28

dry heat. (160-C/2 hr vs autoclave @121-C/15 min)

Question 29

pyrogen-free

Answer 29

removal of LPS/endotoxin

Question 30

sanitization

Answer 30

general term for cleaning

Question 31

asepsis

Answer 31

process of preventing colonization by microorganisms

Question 32

cidal

Answer 32

killing

Question 33

static

Answer 33

halting of growth

Question 34

wood's lamp

Answer 34

UV light lamp that shows bacterial infection on skin

Question 35

fungal identification methods

Answer 35

immunological (detection of antigens/antibodies), molecular methods, wood's lamp

Question 36

KOH

Answer 36

dissolves keratin and cellular debris of skin scraping and leaves a clear fungi (often superficial mycoses)

Question 37

Lactophenol cotton blue

Answer 37

fungal microscopy to visualize hyphae or other morphological forms

Question 38

calcofluor white

Answer 38

fungal microscopy with fluorescent stain to visualize fungi

Question 39

india ink

Answer 39

fungal microscopy detection of *cryptococcus neoformans* (yeast with large capsule)

Question 40

germ tube test

Answer 40

fungal microscopy for *Candida albicans* = dimorphic yeast @ 37-C for 2-4 hours will form pseudohyphee

Question 41

fungal tissue stains

Answer 41

gram staining, giemsa, hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff.

Question 42

fungal tissue stains

Answer 42

gram staining, giemsa, hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-schiff.

Question 43

possible outcomes of fungal infection

Answer 43

destruction of fungi OR compromises immune system and leads to disseminated and progressive disease

Question 44

opportunistic mycoses

Answer 44

infections by normal flora or environmental agents in immunocompromised hosts - can be cutaneous but often systemic with respiratory symptoms

Question 45

systemic mycoses

Answer 45

infection of any tissue, particularly the pulmonary, lymphatic, and circulatory system, often acquired through inhalation or traumatic implantation. (may be asymptomatic to life threatening)