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ARRT > My Ultrasound Tutor- Abd > Flashcards

My Ultrasound Tutor- Abd Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common diffuse liver disease?

A

Fatty liver infiltration aka hepatic steatosis

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2
Q

65 year old male presents to the clinic for abdominal ultrasound. Diagnosis shows elevated liver function test. When scanning you see a focal hypoechoic area next to the Gallbladder. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Fatty liver infiltration

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of cirrhosis?

A

Alcoholism

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of portal hypertension?

A

Cirrhosis

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5
Q

While scanning a patient you notice hepatofugal flow and a MPV measuring greater than 13mm. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Portal hypertension

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6
Q

To normalize blood flow in portal hypertension what is a common treatment?

A

TIPS

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7
Q

What vessels are connected when using a TIPSS?

A

Portal vein and hepatic vein

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of a portal vein obstruction?

A

Tumor or lymphadenopathy

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9
Q

What is the difference between portosystemic collaterals and cavernous transformation?

A

Portosystemic collaterals are due to portal HTN and reroute blood AWAY from the liver while cavernous transformation is rerouting the blood TOWARD the liver

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10
Q

What syndrome causes occlusion of the hepatic veins and possibly IVC?

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

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11
Q

With Budd-Chiari syndrome what are sonographic findings you will see?

A

Hepatomegaly, enlarged caudate lobe and absent flow in the hepatic veins

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12
Q

What type of infections occur in the liver?

A

Acute hepatitis and abscess

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13
Q

What is the difference between acute hepatitis and an abscess?

A

Hepatitis is a diffuse infection so LFTs will always be abnormal. An abscess is focal so LFTs may be normal

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14
Q

What are the most common hepatitis?

A

Hep A and B

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15
Q

Which type of hepatitis is most likely the cause if needing liver transplant?

A

Hep C

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16
Q

Cyst in the liver are associated with what disease?

A

PKD ( poly cystic kidney disease)

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17
Q

What is the most common benign liver tumor?

A

Cavernous hemangioma

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18
Q

What does a cavernous hemangioma look like sonographically?

A

Echogenic solid mass

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19
Q

What focal mass in the liver is associated with oral contraceptives?

A

Hepatocellular adenoma

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20
Q

What is the 2nd most common benign liver tumor?

A

Focal modular hyperplasia

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21
Q

What is a common sonographic finding with focal nodular hyperplasia?

A

Central scar with vascularity

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22
Q

What is the most common primary liver cancer

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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23
Q

What tumor marker will be elevated with HCC?

A

Elevated AFP (alphafetoprotein)

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24
Q

What sonographic findings do you see with HCC?

A

Hypoechoic mass usually solitary and ascites

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25
Q

What is the most common location for metastasis?

A

Liver

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26
Q

When Mets are found in the liver what organs are common sources?

A

Lung, colon and breast

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27
Q

What is hepatoblastoma?

A

It is the pediatric version of HCC

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28
Q

Patient with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have an increased for what cancer?

A

Hepatoblastoma

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29
Q

After a liver transplant what is the most common vascular complication?

A

Hepatic artery thrombosis

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30
Q

Is the gallbladder an intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal organ?

A

Intraperitoneal

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31
Q

What is the function of the gallbladder?

A

Gallbladder stores and concentrates bile

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32
Q

What hormone causes the gallbladder to contract and release the bile?

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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33
Q

What allows the cystic duct to not leak out bile until gallbladder contracts?

A

Spiral valves of heister

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34
Q

What are the parts of the gallbladder?

A

Neck, body, fundus

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35
Q

What part of the gallbladder is the most dependent?

A

Fundus

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36
Q

What is the most common variant of the gallbladder?

A

Phrygian cap

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37
Q

What is a Phrygian cap?

A

Fold of fundus over body

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38
Q

What gallbladder variant causes outpouching of the neck?

A

Hartmann pouch

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39
Q

What kind of preparation does a patient need to do when coming for a gallbladder ultrasound?

A

Patient needs to be NPO for minimum 6 hours

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40
Q

What does normal gallbladder wall thickness measure?

A

Up to 3mm

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41
Q

What are tissue projections from gallbladder wall with no mobility called?

A

Gallbladder polyps

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42
Q

What is adenomyomatosis?

A

Muscular layers form little pockets called rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses

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43
Q

What is the calcification of the gallbladder wall called?

A

Porcelain gallbaldder

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44
Q

What is another name for gallbladder sludge?

A

Viscid bile

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45
Q

What causes gallbladder sludge?

A

Biliary Statis, bile not flowing

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46
Q

What are the 6 Fs more prone to gallbladder stones?

A

Fat, female, fertile, flatulent, fair and forty

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47
Q

What is the most common location in the gallbladder for stones?

A

Fundus due to dependency

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48
Q

Gallbladder packed with stones will likely show what sonographic finding?

A

WES (wall echo shadowing) only showing anterior wall and solid shadowing

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49
Q

When documenting gallbladder stones it is important to show what?

A

Prove mobility by placing patient in at least one other position other than supine

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50
Q

What are gallstones in bile ducts called?

A

Choledocholithiasis

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51
Q

When obstruction in gallbladder occurs what clinical findings will you see?

A

Elevated ALP and Bilirubin

52
Q

What is the most common cause of biliary obstruction?

A

Choledocholithiasis

53
Q

What is courvosier gallbladder?

A

Enlarged GB caused by pancreatic head mass

54
Q

What does a hydropic GB measuring more than 4cm indicate?

A

Obstruction of distal biliary tree

55
Q

What is the most common cause of acute cholecystitis?

A

obstructive gallstones

56
Q

Key symptoms when there’s an infection?

A

Fever, leuko, and pain

57
Q

What is the most common cause of gallbladder infection?

A

Obstructive gallstone

58
Q

What are sonographic symptoms of acute cholecystitis?

A

Thickened GB wall, pericholecystic fluid, stone and sludge

59
Q

Diabetic patients have an increased risk for what acute gallbladder complication?

A

Emphysematous cholecystitis

60
Q

What is the most common cancer of the biliary tract?

A

Gallbladder carcinoma

61
Q

What is the most common type of cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Klatskin tumor

62
Q

What is cholangiocarcinoma?

A

Cancer within the bile ducts

63
Q

Where is the most common location for a pancreatic carcinoma mass?

A

Pancreatic head

64
Q

What is biliary atresia?

A

Narrowing or absence of biliary tree

65
Q

What is the most common type of choledochal cyst?

A

Cystic dilatation of CBD

66
Q

What is Caroli disease?

A

Segmental dilatation if the intrahepatic ducts

67
Q

Is the pancreas an intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organ?

A

Retroperitoneal

68
Q

What endocrine function does the pancreas have?

A

It produces hormones from the isles of langerhans

69
Q

What is the main pancreatic duct?

A

Duct of Wirsung

70
Q

What vessel supplies the pancreas head with blood?

A

Gastroduodenal artery

71
Q

The splenic artery and SMA supply what part of the pancreas with blood?

A

Body and tail

72
Q

The main pancreatic duct should measure:

A

Less than or equal to 2mm

73
Q

What is the most common variant of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatic divisum

74
Q

What pancreatic variant causes the pancreas head to wrap around the duodenum?

A

Annular pancreas

75
Q

What is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?

A

Choledocholithiasis

76
Q

Chronic pancreatitis is most commonly found in cases of pancreatitis caused by what?

A

Alcohol abuse

77
Q

What is a whipple procedure?

A

Removal of pancreas head, duodenum, GB and bile duct

78
Q

What is the most common islet cell tumor?

A

Insulinoma

79
Q

Where does the splenic artery arise from?

A

Celiac trunk

80
Q

Where are the splenic artery and vein in relation to the pancreas?

A

Splenic artery travels superiorly to body and tail of pancreas.
Splenic vein travels posterior to body and tail of pancreas

81
Q

What is the most common variant of the spleen and what are the various names for it?

A

Accessory spleen, splenunculus, splenule and supernumerary spleen

82
Q

What is the most common abnormality of the spleen?

A

Splenomegaly

83
Q

What is the most common cause of splenomegaly?

A

Portal hypertension

84
Q

What is the most common primary cancer of the spleen?

A

Angiosarcoma

85
Q

Are the kidneys intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organs?

A

Retroperitoneal

86
Q

What are the 2 main components that filter and produce urine?

A

The parenchyma and sinus

87
Q

Where are the cortex and medulla located?

A

Parenchyma of kidney

88
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

89
Q

What forms the outer rim of the kidney?

A

Cortex

90
Q

What is the medulla made up of?

A

Pyramids

91
Q

What helps divide the pyramids and is made up of cortical tissue?

A

Columns of berlin

92
Q

What is the most common variant of the kidneys?

A

Duplicated collecting system

93
Q

Where is the most likely location to find an ectopic kidney?

A

Pelvis

94
Q

What variant will cause the kidneys to fuse at the lower poles?

A

Horse shoe kidneys

95
Q

What is the difference between the parenchyma of the kidney and the collecting system?

A

Parenchyma is the functional part of the kidney where as the collecting system is a series of tubes

96
Q

What are the renal function test?

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine

97
Q

What is the most common cause of acute renal failure?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

98
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes mellitus

99
Q

Chronic renal failure patients are at risk for what disease due to the chronic hemodialysis?

A

Acquired renal cystic disease

100
Q

What patients are affected by autosomal recessive poly cystic kidney disease?

A

Neonates only

101
Q

When would patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease start developing cyst?

A

Mid age (40-50s)

102
Q

What is the most common renal mass?

A

Cysts

103
Q

What is the most common benign renal tumor?

A

Angiomyolipoma

104
Q

What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?

A

Ascending UTI from bladder

105
Q

What most common cause of glomerulonephritis?

A

Throat (strep) infection

106
Q

What is the most common cause of fungal UTI?

A

Candida albicans

107
Q

What is the most common renal cancer?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

108
Q

When scanning a patient you see a solid renal mass, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Renal cell carcinoma

109
Q

What is the most common bladder cancer?

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

110
Q

What is the most common renal tumor in kids?

A

Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma

111
Q

Renal artery stenosis is most commonly caused by?

A

Artherosclerosis

112
Q

What is the most common vascular complication after a renal transplant?

A

Renal artery stenosis

113
Q

When scanning a patient, you Doppler the renal artery and get a tardus parvus wave form, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Renal artery stenosis

114
Q

What is the most common location for urinary tract obstruction in pediatrics?

A

UPJ ureteropelvic junction

115
Q

In an adult what is the most common location for urinary tract obstruction?

A

UVJ ureterovesicular junction

116
Q

What does nephrolithiasis refer to?

A

Kidney stone

117
Q

Are the adrenal glands intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal organs?

A

Retroperitoneal

118
Q

What other organ controls the adrenal glands?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

119
Q

The cortex of the adrenal glands produce what hormones?

A

Aldosterone, androgens and cortisol

120
Q

What hormones does the medulla of the adrenal glands produce?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

121
Q

What is Addison disease?

A

Adrenal insufficiency

122
Q

What is the most common benign solid mass of adrenal glands?

A

Adenoma

123
Q

What is Cushing syndrome?

A

Hypercortisolism, too much cortisol

124
Q

What is conn syndrome?

A

Hyperaldosteronism, too much aldosterone

125
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

Hyper function medullary tumor causing too much epinephrine and norepinephrine

126
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A

Hyper function medullary tumor causing too much epinephrine and norepinephrine

127
Q

What is the most common extracranial malignancy in pediatrics?

A

Neuroblastoma

ARRT (7 decks)

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