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ARRT > Chapter 2- Liver > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Liver Flashcards

1
Q

In early embryonic life what is the liver responsible for?

A

Hemopoiesis

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2
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

The formation and development of blood cells

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3
Q

What is lobe is considered the largest?

A

Right lobe

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4
Q

How many lobes is the liver composed of?

A

3- left, right and caudate

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5
Q

What is Wilson’s disease?

A

A congenital disorder that causes the body to accumulate too much copper

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6
Q

What is the liver covered by?

A

Glissons capsule

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7
Q

What is the portion of the liver not covered by Glissons capsule called?

A

The bare area

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8
Q

What are the vital functions of the liver?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Fat metabolism
Amino acid metabolism
removal of waste products
Vitamin and mineral storage
Drug inactivation
Synthesis and secretion of bile
Blood reservoir
Lymph production
Detoxification

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9
Q

How many segments does the couinaud system divide the liver into?

A

8 segments

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10
Q

What is the medial segment of the left lobe aka?

A

Quadrate lobe

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11
Q

What is the smallest hepatic lobe?

A

Caudate lobe

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12
Q

Which lobe is divided into anterior and posterior and by what?

A

Right lobe is divided into anterior and posterior segments by the right hepatic vein

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13
Q

What separates the right and left liver lobes?

A

Middle hepatic vein or GB fossa

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14
Q

The left hepatic vein divides the left liver lobe into what segments?

A

Medial and lateral segment

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15
Q

The left lobe can also be divided into medial and lateral by?

A

Ligamentum teres and Falciform ligament

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16
Q

The caudate lobe can be separated from the left lobe by?

A

Ligamentum venosum

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17
Q

The caudate lobe is bounded anteriorly by what? And posteriorly by what?

A

Anteriorly by the ligamentum venosum and posteriorly by the IVC

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18
Q

Where does the main portal vein enter the liver?

A

Porta hepatis

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19
Q

What is another name for the liver hilum?

A

Porta hepatis

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20
Q

What union of vessels creates the main portal vein?

A

Superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

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21
Q

Where is the portal splenic confluence?

A

Where the two superior mesenteric vein and Splenic vein merge with the inferior mesenteric vein

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22
Q

The portal vein provides the liver with approximately how much of its blood supply?

A

75%

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23
Q

Enlargement of the portal vein is indicative of what?

A

Portal hypertension

24
Q

Why are portal veins considered intrasegmental?

A

Because they course within the liver segments

25
Q

Via sonogram, Why do the portal vein walls appear much brighter than those of the hepatic veins?

A

Higher collagen content

26
Q

What should normal flow within the portal veins be?

A

Hepatopedal and monophasic

27
Q

When can re canalization of the umbilical vein occur?

A

Portal hypertension

28
Q

The left umbilical vein after birth becomes the?

A

Ligamentum teres

29
Q

What landmarks helps you find the ligamentum venosum?

A

It is anterior to the caudate lobe and located between the caudate lobe and left hepatic lobe

30
Q

What structure appears as a hyperechoic, triangular-shaped structure between the left and right hepatic lobes?

A

Falciform ligament

31
Q

What other structure is identifiable within the lower margins of the Falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres

32
Q

The main lobar fissure houses what vessel?

A

Middle hepatic vein

33
Q

Transverse image of portal triad: the face of Mickey is what vessel?

A

Portal vein

34
Q

What is described as a tongue like extension of the right hepatic lobe?

A

Riedel lobe

35
Q

What variant causes an inferior extension of the caudate lobe and can resemble a mass?

A

Papillary process of caudate lobe

36
Q

The normal liver measurement for an adult should be?

A

13 to 15cm

37
Q

What are some indirect signs of hepatomegaly?

A

Extension of right lobe beyond the lower pole of the right kidney, rounding of the inferior tip of the right lobe, and extension of left lobe well into the left upper quadrant

38
Q

What is another name for fatty liver disease?

A

Hepatic steatosis

39
Q

Fatty liver disease can be classified into what 2 categories?

A

Nonalcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease

40
Q

Which type of fatty liver disease is cited as the most common liver disorder in the Western world?

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

41
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic liver disease?

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

42
Q

What type of fatty liver disease is both acquired and reversible?

A

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

43
Q

What is steatohepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver that has been shown to be a precursor for chronic liver disease, leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in some individuals.

44
Q

Fatty changes within the liver can be described as what?

A

Diffuse or focal

45
Q

Diffuse infiltration can cause the liver to look how?

A

The liver to appear diffusely echogenic, and it will be more difficult to penetrate.

46
Q

The liver segment affected by focal fatty infiltration will appear how?

A

as an area of increased echogenicity and can thus appear much like a solid, hyperechoic mass

47
Q

It is likely that signs of sparing or infiltration will occur where?

A

adjacent to the gallbladder, near the porta hepatis, and the left medial segment.

48
Q

What is Focal fatty sparing?

A

diffuse fatty infiltration, with certain areas spared. This area of sparing can appear much like a solid, hypoechoic mass or possibly even fluid.

49
Q

What are some clinicals findings of fatty liver disease?

A

Asymptomatic, alcohol abuse, chemotherapy, Diabetes mellitus, elevated liver function test, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and pregnancy

50
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver

51
Q

Hepatitis can be classified into what 2 categories?

A

Acute or chronic

52
Q

What are the different types of hepatitis?

A

A, B, C, D, E, and G

53
Q

What are the 2 most common forms of hepatitis?

A

Hep A and B

54
Q

How does Hep A spread?

A

By fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water

55
Q

How is Hep B spread?

A

Spread by contact with contaminated bodily fluids, mother-to-infant transmission, or inadvertent blood contact (drug use)

56
Q

What is the current leading indication for Liver transplantation?

A

Hep C

57
Q

What causes hemochromatosis?

A

Inherited condition resulting from excessive iron

ARRT (7 decks)

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