My Notes for Unit 1

Question 1

Uniformitarianism?

Answer 1

the present is the key to the past. Identify a rock for what it is because what it is is how it formed. Everything has its own way of forming: the way it formed today is the way it formed in the past.

Question 2

What is fracking?

Answer 2

• something oil companies do
• crack rock that contains oil or gas that is too tightly pack in get rock
• break up rock by pumping water at a high pressure to widen cracks and pump out of cracks

Question 3

___orbit the nucleus

Answer 3

electrons

Question 4

an atoms is___% or more open space

Answer 4

99

Question 5

What is the atomic weight and atomic number of Hydrogen?

Answer 5

1 for both

Question 6

What does the nucleus contain

Answer 6

protons and electrons

Question 7

What controls the number of electrons

Answer 7

protons

Question 8

what adds mast the atom system

Answer 8

neutrons

Question 9

What is atomic weight?

Answer 9

number of protons and protons

Question 10

What is the atomic number

Answer 10

number of protons

Question 11

What are the three types of hydrogen isotopes?

Answer 11

H1, H2, H3 (normal hydrogen-no neutrons, deuterium-1 neutron, tritium-2 neutrons)

Question 12

What are the three most common oxygen isotopes?

Answer 12

16O8, 18O8, 17O8

Question 13

How many oxygen isotopes are there?

Answer 13

13

Question 14

What does the ratio of oxygen isotopes vary with? What are the 4 variations for paleoclimatic study (to figure out what the climate was like)?

Answer 14

The temp of water

1) fossil shells made of CaCO3
2) fossil shells made of SiO2
3) ice in glaciers made of H2O
4) other rock processes

Question 15

How can we figure out what the climate was like ?

Answer 15

by the ratio of oxygen isotopes depending on the temperature of the water when they formed. By using oxygen, we can build up a picture of how the climate has changed.

Question 16

How can we figure out the age of fossils?

Answer 16

By the temp of sea water while an organism was living

Question 17

What isotope is used for paleoclimatic study?

Answer 17

O

Question 18

Using plankton as an example, how can we apply paleoclimatic study?

Answer 18

Shells of CaCO3 for most/many

Question 19

How many common Uranium isotopes are there?

Answer 19

2

Question 20

What are the 2 common uranium isotopes

Answer 20

235 U 92 (143 neutrons)

238 U 92 (146 neutrons) –> most common

Question 21

How many protons are in the nuclear of all uranium isotopes

Answer 21

92

Question 22

Some uranium isotopes are___or ___

Answer 22

radioactive or unstable

Question 23

What is a radioactive or an unstable isotope?

Answer 23

Will break down (the nuclei will break down) by themselves

Question 24

What does U turn to?

Answer 24

Pb (lead)

Question 25

235 U 92 =

238 U 92 =

Answer 25

208 Pb 82

207 Pb 82

Question 26

Is the lead isotope that forms from the decay of 235 U stable or unstable

Answer 26

stable

Question 27

What can we use the two lead isotopes to determine?

Answer 27

the time 2 different crystals formed and to determine the age of ancient rocks by the amount of lead from the uranium that is left

Question 28

What are the two types of radioactivity?

Answer 28

1) Nuclear fusion

2) Nuclear fission

Question 29

What is atomic/nuclear fission?

Answer 29

splitting of atom to produce new isotope–an atomic nucleus into a daughter and energy

Question 30

What is nuclear fusion?

Answer 30

when things fuse to form 1 (produces more excess energy than fission)