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G108 > Class Notes- Unit 4 > Flashcards

Class Notes- Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 Geological times?

A

1) Relative Time
2) Absolute Time
3) gEological Time scale

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2
Q

What is dating?

A

the procedures we use to:

i. determine when an event took place, and
ii. determine the sequence of events

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3
Q

What is the age of a rock?

A

the time it was emplaced

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4
Q

What is relative geological time?

A

the sequence of processes that have occurred at location.

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5
Q

How can we work out relative geological time?

A

WE can see this with the naked eye–or work it out with fairly simple geological observations.

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6
Q

What are the 5 geological observations we can use to determine relative time?

A
  1. superposition
  2. intrusion
  3. deformation
  4. unconformity
  5. fossil correlation
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7
Q

What did our understanding of relative time begin with

A

Nicolaus Steno ~ 1660

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8
Q

What is the law of superposition?

A

younger rock layers are deposited on top of older rock layers (stratigraphic succession)

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9
Q

What is stratum?

A

1 layer

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10
Q

What is strata?

A

several layers

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11
Q

What is the principle of original horizontality

A

Noticed that rock layers were largely horizontal

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12
Q

What is intrusion?

A

intrusions in rock strata (the intrusion is younger than the rock it cuts) from magma…volcano is optional

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13
Q

Deposition___erosion

A

folding

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14
Q

Deposition___erosion

A

faulting

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15
Q

What creates earthquakes?

A

faulting

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16
Q

Anticline and syncline are included in which geological observation?

A

unconformity

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17
Q

What are 4 types of unconformity?

A

1) angular unconformity
2) disconformity
3) paraconformtiy
4) nonconformity

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18
Q

What is angular unconformity?

A

buried topographic surface
*An angular unconformity is an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers.- via wikipedia

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19
Q

Which unconformity includes “hiatus”?

A

angular unconformity

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20
Q

What is hiatus?

A

apparent time erosion took place

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21
Q

What is a disconformity?

A

A disconformity is an unconformity between parallel layers of rock which represents a period of erosion or non-deposition. - via wikipedia

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22
Q

What is paraconformity?

A
  • no strata
  • ‘time gap’ or ‘rock gap’
  • missing erosion
  • [no strata deposited, no erosion]
  • Rocks underneath not folded, tilted, faulted, etc.
  • Erosion has not taken place
  • Just a long time with no deposition
  • Process just left no rocks but no real ‘time gap’
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23
Q

What is the most significant type of unconformity?

A

angular unconformity

24
Q

What is the most common type of unconformity?

A

paraconformity

25
Q

What is nonconformity?

A

Non-volcanic rocks rest on crystalline rocks

26
Q

What begins the process of nonconformity?

A

Magma intrudes original strata

27
Q

What is contact metamorphism? What is regional metamorphism?

A

Contact metamorphism: modification by heat

Regional metamorphism: modification by heat if rocks are buried deeply

28
Q

What is fossil range?

A

every organism exist for a range of time–time span an organism lives.

29
Q

How long, on average, is the fossil range for various species?

A

6 million years (6 my)

30
Q

What does the fact that fossil range overlaps allow for?

A

more precise relative dating

31
Q

Where do local gaps in the fossil cord compared with more regional or global result?

A

unconformities

32
Q

Fossils, like living organisms, have specific___ranges.

A

geographic

33
Q

How do fossils replace one another?

A

In a definite, though complex, manner – on both local and global scales (because of time ranges and environmental conditions)

34
Q

What are index fossils?

A

Fossils with a “short” time range, but which are broadly geographically distributed are especially useful.

35
Q

When did trilobites live from?

A

526-250 myo

36
Q

When did clams live for?

A

500-450 myo - present

37
Q

when did ginkgo live from?

A

270 - 0 may

38
Q

When did dinosaurs live for?

A

220 - 65 myo

39
Q

When was the largest extinction/

A

at end of paleozoic (250)

40
Q

What percent species became extinct at the end of paleozoic?

A

90%

41
Q

What percent of species when extinct at end of mesozoic?

A

70%

42
Q

When give dinosaurs go extinct?

A

65 myo

43
Q

What are the eons from oldest to youngest?

A

Oldest: Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic
Youngest: Phanerozoic

44
Q

What are the eras of the phanerozoic eon (from oldest to youngest)

A

Oldest: paleozoic
Mesozoic
Youngest: Ceonozoic

45
Q

What were the major events of the Hadean eon?

A
  • Birth of the earth and Solar System
  • Most asteroid impacts took place on moon–moon formed as well
  • Iron catastrophe (differentiation)
46
Q

When were the first life forms?

A

archean

47
Q

What are the 3 eons of the Precambrian?

A

Hadean
Archean
Proterozoic

48
Q

How many mya was Hadean?

A

4550

49
Q

How many mya was Archean?

A

3800

50
Q

How many mya was Proterozoic?

A

2500

51
Q

How many mya was Paleozoic?

A

250

52
Q

How many mya was Mesozoic?

A

65

53
Q

How many mya was Cenozoic?

A

0

54
Q

How many mya was the Phanerozoic?

A

542

55
Q

When were the 4 major extinctions?

A

~ 450 (Paleozoic)
~ 350 (Paleozoic)
~ 250 (Palaeozoic) (most significant)
~ 65 (Mesozoic)

G108 (23 decks)

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