My Notes: Earth Materials cont'd and Volcanoes Flashcards
What is epeirogeny?
Slow movement of segments of Earth’s crust (continental crust), vertical movement, only several hundred meters over about one million years. Effect on what rocks are deposited there.
What are the two types of texture?
1) clastic
2) crystalline
When does a crystalline texture occur?
When mineral grow in some media like magma. Can be solid rock, ocean water, ground water (chemical precipitation).
What do the surface atoms of a unit cell attract? Why?
- atoms
- because they are electrically charged
What do small grains in an igneous rock indicate? What do large grains in an igneous rock indicate?
Small = fast cooling Large = slow cooling
Which texture has rounded grains?
clastic
What does grain size tell us in igneous rocks?
rate of cooling
Does a glass form when igneous rocks cool fast or slow?
really fast
What are the most common cements (precipitates)?
Calcite - CaCO3
Silica - SiO2
Fe hydroxide - Fe Oxides and Water
Clay minerals - complex silicates
What do pores in rocks hold?
- water (groundwater for humans and irrigation for crops)
- petroleum (oil and gas fields)
- disposal wells for liquid industrial waste
Pores in rocks are related to___of CO2.
sequestration
What do pores in rocks partly fill with?
fill (partly) with natural cements
What does porosity equal?
volume of pores / volume of rock
What does the volume of a rock equal?
pores / total rock
What does the water table replicate?
topographic surface
What can liquid water disposal create?
Can create earthquakes depending on how fast you pump water down
What is the 2nd most important process on rocky planets and moons (except earth)?
volcanism
What is the most important process on Earth?
plate tectonics
What is the most important process on rocky planets and moons?
asteroid/meteoroid and comet impact
What planets/moons have volcanoes?
earth, moon, mercury, mars, venus, jovian moon ‘IO’, and Moon of Saturn ‘Titan’
What are the volcanoes on the Jovian moon, ‘IO’, like?
Volcanoes of sulphur
What are the volcanoes on Saturn’s moon, Titan, like?
Cryovolcanoes
- Volcanoes of methane
- Frozen surface
___convent is useful for how a volcano behaves as well as its scientific state.
silica
How many different kinds of topographic volcanoes are there? How are they classified?
6 classified by how they erupt
What type of volcano is Haleakala?
shield volcanoes
Where do all shield volcanoes come from/
ocean floor
Wha is a pyroclastic eruption and water?
Water will et hot fast with magma contact. Deep water won’t boil quickly but shallow water will boil quickly which will equal steam which equals an explosion.
What happens with a big eruption in terms of lava?
Lava is so stiff gas can’t escape very well
- high silica content
- rhyolites
How large are super volcanoes?
1000-2000 km cubed
What will happen if a super volcano explodes?
- All ash will block sun and things won’t grow.
- CO2 global warming (long term)
- Global cooling–nuclear winter (short term)
Where are the 3 candidates for a super volcano?
1) New Zealand
2) New Mexico
3) Western Side of Italy
