My Notes: Earth Materials cont'd and Volcanoes

Question 1

What is epeirogeny?

Answer 1

Slow movement of segments of Earth’s crust (continental crust), vertical movement, only several hundred meters over about one million years. Effect on what rocks are deposited there.

Question 2

What are the two types of texture?

Answer 2

1) clastic

2) crystalline

Question 3

When does a crystalline texture occur?

Answer 3

When mineral grow in some media like magma. Can be solid rock, ocean water, ground water (chemical precipitation).

Question 4

What do the surface atoms of a unit cell attract? Why?

Answer 4

• atoms

- because they are electrically charged

Question 5

What do small grains in an igneous rock indicate? What do large grains in an igneous rock indicate?

Answer 5

Small = fast cooling
Large = slow cooling

Question 6

Which texture has rounded grains?

Answer 6

clastic

Question 7

What does grain size tell us in igneous rocks?

Answer 7

rate of cooling

Question 8

Does a glass form when igneous rocks cool fast or slow?

Answer 8

really fast

Question 9

What are the most common cements (precipitates)?

Answer 9

Calcite - CaCO3
Silica - SiO2
Fe hydroxide - Fe Oxides and Water
Clay minerals - complex silicates

Question 10

What do pores in rocks hold?

Answer 10

• water (groundwater for humans and irrigation for crops)
• petroleum (oil and gas fields)
• disposal wells for liquid industrial waste

Question 11

Pores in rocks are related to___of CO2.

Answer 11

sequestration

Question 12

What do pores in rocks partly fill with?

Answer 12

fill (partly) with natural cements

Question 13

What does porosity equal?

Answer 13

volume of pores / volume of rock

Question 14

What does the volume of a rock equal?

Answer 14

pores / total rock

Question 15

What does the water table replicate?

Answer 15

topographic surface

Question 16

What can liquid water disposal create?

Answer 16

Can create earthquakes depending on how fast you pump water down

Question 17

What is the 2nd most important process on rocky planets and moons (except earth)?

Answer 17

volcanism

Question 18

What is the most important process on Earth?

Answer 18

plate tectonics

Question 19

What is the most important process on rocky planets and moons?

Answer 19

asteroid/meteoroid and comet impact

Question 20

What planets/moons have volcanoes?

Answer 20

earth, moon, mercury, mars, venus, jovian moon ‘IO’, and Moon of Saturn ‘Titan’

Question 21

What are the volcanoes on the Jovian moon, ‘IO’, like?

Answer 21

Volcanoes of sulphur

Question 22

What are the volcanoes on Saturn’s moon, Titan, like?

Answer 22

Cryovolcanoes

• Volcanoes of methane
• Frozen surface

Question 23

___convent is useful for how a volcano behaves as well as its scientific state.

Answer 23

silica

Question 24

How many different kinds of topographic volcanoes are there? How are they classified?

Answer 24

6 classified by how they erupt

Question 25

What type of volcano is Haleakala?

Answer 25

shield volcanoes

Question 26

Where do all shield volcanoes come from/

Answer 26

ocean floor

Question 27

Wha is a pyroclastic eruption and water?

Answer 27

Water will et hot fast with magma contact. Deep water won’t boil quickly but shallow water will boil quickly which will equal steam which equals an explosion.

Question 28

What happens with a big eruption in terms of lava?

Answer 28

Lava is so stiff gas can’t escape very well

• high silica content
• rhyolites

Question 29

How large are super volcanoes?

Answer 29

1000-2000 km cubed

Question 30

What will happen if a super volcano explodes?

Answer 30

• All ash will block sun and things won’t grow.
• CO2 global warming (long term)
• Global cooling–nuclear winter (short term)

Question 31

Where are the 3 candidates for a super volcano?

Answer 31

1) New Zealand
2) New Mexico
3) Western Side of Italy