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G108 > Class Notes: Earth Materials cont'd and Volcanoes > Flashcards

Class Notes: Earth Materials cont'd and Volcanoes Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 things does the study of rocks involve?

A
  1. Mineral composition
  2. Texture
  3. Age
  4. Locality
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2
Q

What are the 2 major rock textures?

A

crystalline and clastic

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3
Q

What texture are most igneous rocks and many metamorphic rocks?

A

clastic

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4
Q

What is a crystalline texture?

A

Crustals grew in place

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5
Q

What 2 precipitates are crystalline texture?

A

chemical and groundwater

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6
Q

What time of texture are sedimentary rocks?

A

clastic

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7
Q

What texture are some igneous rocks?

A

clastic (pyroclastic)

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8
Q

Do clastic rocks have open or closed space?

A

open (or pore) spare

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9
Q

What are the steps in the lithification of clastic rocks?

A

Sediment, cementation and compaction (lithification)

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10
Q

What is crystallization?

A
  • growth from magma

- (freezing of magma)

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11
Q

What is precipitation

A

-growth from dissolved solids in a liquid (e.g. water)

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12
Q

What type of texture does both crystallization and precipitation lead to?

A

crystalline texture

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13
Q

What is metamorphic ‘recrystallization’?

A

solid-state reorganization of ions

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14
Q

What does metamorphic ‘recrystallization’ lead to?

A

mineral stability

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15
Q

What does the recrystallization of a protolith (any igneous sedimentary or pre-existing metamorphic rock) lad to?

A

metamorphic rocks (wide range of metamorphic rock types)

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16
Q

At what temp does a protolith undergo chemical alterations?

A

300 degrees C - 250 degrees C

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17
Q

What 4 things result from grind water deposits?

A
  1. veins, cracks, fracture
  2. concretions and nodules of ground water
    3) ore bodies
    4) cave deposition
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18
Q

What are concretions?

A

Little bodies where cementation has occurred.

  • groundwater precipitation
  • nodular – many shapes (spherical-irregular)
  • many different chemical compositions
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19
Q

What do pores in rocks hold?

A
  • hold water (groundwater for humans, irrigation for crops)
  • hold petroleum (oil and gas fields)
  • fill (partly) with natural cements
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20
Q

What serves as disposal well for liquid industrial waste?

A

pores in rocks

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21
Q

What element do pores in rocks sequester?

A

CO2

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22
Q

How do you determine the volume of a rock?

A

pores / total rock

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23
Q

What is permeability?

A

ease of flow

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24
Q

What are 3 things that indicate porosity?

A
  • intergranular
  • fracture
  • bedding contacts
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25
Q

What type of flow is an aquitard?

A

retards flow

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26
Q

What type of flow is an aquiclude?

A

almost no flow

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27
Q

What type of flow is an aquifer?

A

easy flow

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28
Q

What are the three uplift processes?

A

1) Orogeny: orogenic uplift
2) Isostasy: isostatic uplift (sinking)
3) Epeirogeny: epeirogenic uplift (sinking)

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29
Q

What are rocks the products of?

A

nature, time, proceeds and environment

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30
Q

What is the make-up of each rock body controlled by?

A

The processes which formed the rock and by the environment in which the rock was formed.

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31
Q

What are the two types of igneous rocks?

A

extrusive and intrusive

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32
Q

What do igneous rocks derive from?

A

magma

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33
Q

What are the two types of extrusive igneous rocks?

A

lava and pyroclastic (e.g. volcanic ash)

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34
Q

What does the silica content of igneous rocks vary from?

A

45-75%

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35
Q

What are the 4 types of igneous rocks?

A

1) felsic igneous rock
2) intermediate igneous rock
3) magic igneous rock
4) ultramafic igneous rock

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36
Q

What does felsic rock contain?

A

-contains many light coloured minerals: feldspar (mainly) and quartz with minor other minerals

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37
Q

What are 2 examples of felsic igneous rocks?

A

rhyolite (volcanic) and granite (intrusive)

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38
Q

What is the silica content of felsic igneous rock?

A

65-75%

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39
Q

What is the Tmelt of felsic igneous rock?

A

650-750

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40
Q

What is the silica content of intermediate igneous rock?

A

52-65%

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41
Q

What is the Tmelt of intermediate igneous rock?

A

1000-750, 800

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42
Q

What does magic igneous rock contain?

A

more dark colour minerals

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43
Q

A magic igneous rock may be still mainly___.

A

feldspar

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44
Q

What is the silica content of magic igneous rock?

A

48-52%

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45
Q

What are two examples of magic igneous rock?

A

basalt (volcanic) and gabbros (intrusive)

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46
Q

What is the Tmelt of magic igneous rock?

A

1000-1200

47
Q

What is the silica content of ultramafic igneous rocks?

A

45-48%

48
Q

What is the Tmelt of ultramafic igneous rocks?

A

1600

49
Q

Do ultramafic igneous rocks exist today?

A

no

50
Q

When did ultramafic igneous rocks exist?

A

Archean

51
Q

What is viscosity?

A

stiffness of a magma and controls what kind of volcano will form, what type of eruption will occur

52
Q

What is low viscosity mean?

A

fluid, flows easily

53
Q

What is high viscosity?

A

stiff, does not flow easily

54
Q

What does viscosity vary with?

A

silica content and temperature

55
Q

What type of silica content is rhyolite?

A

high

56
Q

what type of silica content is basalt?

A

low

57
Q

What does a high silica content equal?

A

stiff, high viscosity

58
Q

What does a low silica content equal?

A

more fluid, low viscosity

59
Q

What does a high temp equal?

A

more fluid, lower viscosity

60
Q

What does a lower temp equal?

A

stiffer and higher viscosity

61
Q

When does a given lava flow becomes more viscous?

A

As it flows away from the vent, cooling as it flow

62
Q

What does a high viscosity equal with temp and silica?

A

high silica low temp

63
Q

What does a low viscosity equal with silica and temp?

A

low silica high temp

64
Q

What are the 6 types of volcanoes?

A
  1. fissure eruptions
  2. cones
  3. composite volcanoes (stratovolcanoes)
  4. shield volcanoes
  5. lava domes
  6. caldera eruptions
65
Q

What are fissure eruptions (flood or plateau basalt)?

Ex?

A
  • highly fluid basalt
  • many successive overlapping flows, 0-100 m thick
  • Ex. Iceland
66
Q

What are cones?

A
  • small volcanoes, any composition though most are basaltic

- may result from single (or a few) eruption(s)

67
Q

Cones=___to___cones

A

cinder to ash

68
Q

cones=___(type of noise)

A

spatter cones

69
Q

What are composite cones?

A

small cones

70
Q

What are the two types of cones?

A

lava cone and pyroclastic conde

71
Q

What is the difference between a lava cone and a pyroclastic cone?

A

Pyroclastic cone has a wider crater than lava cone which had a small crater. Pyroclastic has wider crater because the explosion

72
Q

What is the difference between a caldera and a grater?

A

calder is large and crater is small

73
Q

What are composite volcanoes (stratovolcanoes) and what are they built of?

A
  • built of the products of many separate eruptions, lava plus pyroclastic
  • large conical volcanoes that form on continents and many volcanic islands
  • may have flanking cones
  • have crater or small caldera
  • up to several Km high and 50 km in diameter
74
Q

What types of lava do composite volcanoes have?

A

moderately viscous lava

75
Q

What are some examples of composite volcanoes?

A

mt. fuji, mt. st. helen

76
Q

What are shield volcanoes? Where are they only found? Many or few eruptions? Composition of flows?

A
  • large, rounded volcanoes
  • many eruptions, almost entirely fairly fluid basalt flows, all on oceanic crust
  • small caldera
  • up to 10 km high and 100 km in diameter
77
Q

what are some examples of shield volcanoes?

A

Hawaii: Kilauea and Mauna Loa (biggest volcano on Earth)

78
Q

What is the difference between

A

Shield volcanoes are hotter than composite volcanoes and there isn’t as much material that flows away as with composite volcanoes

79
Q

What two types of volcanoes may have flanking cones?

A

composite and shield

80
Q

What type of volcano may have radical fissures?

A

shield

81
Q

What are lava domes?

A

small features that form in the crater/caldera of shield, composite, or caldera volcanoes
-up to 300 m high and ~1 km width

82
Q

What is the shape of lava domes?

A

May be anywhere from spike-shaped to pancake-shaped

83
Q

What are upwellings of viscous lava (any composition) commonly just after a pyroclastic eruption?

A

lava dome

84
Q

What does a lava dome become if it is a blast dome, blast-dome sequence?

A

volcanic ash

85
Q

What are craters?

A

constructional vents, typically less than 1 km across

86
Q

What are caldera?

A

destruction, typically greater than 1 km across.

87
Q

What are pit craters?

A

Small destructional/collapse vents

88
Q

What may destruction from a caldera be by?

A

collapse, explosion, or any combination

89
Q

What are the two types of destruction by caldera?

A
  1. rapid collapse
  2. explosion blows top off volcano
  3. could be explosive plus or minus collapse
90
Q

What are caldera rapid collapse previously?

A

shield or stratovolcano

91
Q

What is the width of caldera rapid collapse?

A

50 km

92
Q

What does a calder explosion start with?

A

existing shield or stratovolcano

93
Q

What happens in a rapid collapse?

A

Centre of volcano falls. Partly drained magma chamber. Does fall at once…cm by cm
-basalt

94
Q

What is a Caldera explosion?

A

Magma chamber degasses violently

-rhyolite

95
Q

What comes out of a caldera explosion?

A

pyroclastic debris

96
Q

What is eruptive violence controlled by?

A
  • gases, explosive production of steam
    a) contact with water
    b) internal gas content – degassing: the manner of degassing is controlled by the viscosity
97
Q

What type of magmas retain gas until very high, explosive pressures are reached?

A

viscous

98
Q

What type of volcanoes to basalts tend to form?

A

(hot and fluid) tend to form quiet volcanoes

99
Q

What type of volcanoes to rhyloties tend to form?

A

(cooler and more viscous) tend to form violent, pyroclastic volcanoes

100
Q

Where can pyroclastic flows take place?

A

on land or under shallow water

101
Q

What is pyroclastic airfall?

A

wind blows material around globe

102
Q

What is Earth’s atmosphere made up of?

A 
N -- 80%
O -- 19%
H2O -- < 1%
CO2 -- .25 %
Others < .25%
103
Q

What What is mainly a recycled meteoric water?

A

H2)

104
Q

What do all gases interact with?

A

the ocean and rocks

105
Q

O:___fixed in minerals; some to___.

A
  • some

- atmosphere

106
Q

N: mostly to___, some to___.

A
  • atmosphere

- soil

107
Q

What was the atmosphere like on early earth? What elements and their percentages?

A 
On early (primitive) earth, the atmosphere more directly reflected volcanic gases then it does today; after interaction with sunlight,w water and packs, it probably contained about: 
N -- 30%
CO2 -- 50%
O -- <<1%
Others -- > 20%
108
Q

What was the first plant life on Earth? When?

A

microbes first, 3.8 Ga, green algae

109
Q

When did land plants (moss and ferns) appear?

A

0.5 Ga to present

110
Q

When did trees, flowers, and grass appear?

A

66 Ma to present

111
Q

How do plants affect the composition of the atmosphere?

A

photosynthesis

112
Q

What is photosynthesis formula?

A

CO2 + H2O + sunlight –> Food to O2 (as a waste product)

113
Q

What is the summary of atmospheric development

A
  1. Volcanic Gases (4.5 Ga)
  2. Primitive Atmosphere (rich in Co2)
  3. Photosynthesis (3.8 Ga)
  4. Present Atmosphere (300 Ma)

G108 (23 decks)

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