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G108 > Class Notes: Earth Materials > Flashcards

Class Notes: Earth Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What are minerals made up of?

A

atoms

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2
Q

What are rocks made up of?

A

minerals

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3
Q

What are atoms?

A

chemical elements

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4
Q

What are minerals

A

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic, chemical compound (or rarely an element) whose component atoms are arranged into a specific, fixed, geometric pattern. Minerals not only have fixed (or slightly variable) compositions but also have specific physical properties.

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5
Q

What is solid planetary material (terrestrial planets, moons, asteroids, cores of gaseous planets) made of?

A

rocks

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6
Q

What are the 3 states of matter?

A

solid, liquid, gas

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7
Q

What is an element defined by?

A

its chemical behaviour

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8
Q

What 2 things make an atom stable?

A
  1. number of elections equals number of protons

2. outer shell contains 8 electrons

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9
Q

What is all chemical behaviour?

A

An attempt–through electromagnetic forces–to satisfy the two requirements. Electrons are gained, lost, or shared.

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10
Q

What are noble gases?

A

do not gain, loose, or share electrons easily

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11
Q

What is the unit cell?

A

Smallest package minimum combinations of atoms to give us chemical compounds.

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12
Q

What is crystal lattice?

A

An arrangement of points that show the atoms.

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13
Q

What is the crystalline structure?

A

arrangement of atoms in a crystal

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14
Q

What are the 4 important mineral features?

A

1) chemical composition
2) crystal structure
3) Cleavage vs fracture
4) physical properties

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15
Q

What is ‘chemical composition’ of minerals?

A

may be fixed, e.g., Au, Sio@, or may vary somewhat e.g., Olivine (peridot (Mg, Fe)2, SiO4 Which may have any ration of Mg to Fe

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16
Q

What is ‘crystal structure’? What is it due to? What is it controlled by?

A

solid bodies with specific shapes, due to growth, and controlled by geometry of the ‘unit cell’

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17
Q

What is ‘cleavage vs fracture’ with minerals?

A

Breakage surfaces
Cleavage – controlled by unit cell
Fracture – random

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18
Q

What is ‘physical properties’ with minerals (3 things)? What is it controlled by?

A

e. g., colour, hardness, magnetism

- All controlled by composition and structure of the unit cell

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of minerals?

A

1) Groupings based on chemical composition – especially the ( - ) iron or ( - ) ion group
2) Relative abundance
3) Usefulness

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20
Q

What are the 2 points for relative abundance with minerals?

A

1) Rock-forming minerals

2) Accessory minerals

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21
Q

What are the 3 points for the usefulness of minerals?

A

1) economic minerals (for metals)
2) Industrial minerals (used for physical properties of the mineral)
3) Gemstones; precious, semi-precious, costume jewelry grade

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22
Q

What is gangue?

A

What is left over from the useful mineral stuff

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23
Q

What is the most common minerals?

A

Silicate minerals

24
Q

What do all silicate minerals consist of as the basic building block ?

A

silica tetrahedron

25
Q

What forms the basis of the ‘unit cell’ for all silicates?

A

silica tetrahedron

26
Q

What is the most important groupie of ions in the crusts and mantles of the rocky planets?

A

silica tetrahedron

27
Q

What are the 5 optical properties?

A

1) colour
2) transparent
3) translucent
4) opaque
5) lustre

28
Q

True or false: some minerals have fixed colours, some do not

A

true

29
Q

What controls colour (3 things)?

A
  1. chemical composition, including “trace elements”
  2. crystallinity – internal arrangement of atoms, including defects
  3. other things
30
Q

What does the colour of corundum vary from?

A

clear –> any colour;

opaque – dirty brown

31
Q

What is corundum if it is clear?

A

clear – translucent gem stone

32
Q

What are the two gem qualities of corundum?

A

sapphire and ruby

33
Q

Corundum is a___crystal.

A

hexagonal

34
Q

What are the 4 variants of corundum?

A

1) dirty
2) clear
3) sapphire
4) ruby

35
Q

What is pure corundum?

A

is a clear, white sapphire

36
Q

What are the 3 metallic elements that control colour in corundum?

A

1) Ti
2) Fe
3) Cr

37
Q

All colour of corundum except___are sapphires.

A

red

38
Q

What are the two main ways pure carbon occurs?

A

diamond and graphite

39
Q

___is fairy common on Earth, mainly in the crust and occurs in a number of different ways

A

Carbon

40
Q

Graphite and diamond also occur in___, ___also occur in ___as___.

A
  • iron meteorites
  • diamonds
  • chrondites
  • pre-solar grains
41
Q

What is the most common and important chemical composition group?

A

silicate groups

42
Q

What do silicates contain?

A

Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)

43
Q

Besides silicon and oxygen, what is the dos important other elements silicates?

A

Aluminum (Al)

44
Q

What is the most common type of mineral in Earth’s crust and mantle?

A

silicates

45
Q

What is the most common mineral in our moon?

A

silicates

46
Q

What is the most common type of mineral in all terrestrial planets and moons (except for Fe-rich cores)?

A

silicates

47
Q

What is the most common type of mineral in asteroids (except for Fe asteroids and core)?

A

silicates

48
Q

What is the charge (valence) of Si?

A

+4

49
Q

What is the charge (valence) of O?

A

-2

50
Q

What is the total charge total of oxygen?

A 
-8 because there are 4 oxygen atoms total 
4 x (-2) = -8
51
Q

The silica tetrahedron is a “charged” body of___. So it will___combine with various elements.

A

-8 + 4 = -4

52
Q

What are the 2 major igneous rock types?

A

1) extrusive (volcanic)

2) intrusive

53
Q

What are the 3 major sedimentary rocks types?

A

1) clastic (e.g. sandstone)
2) chemical (e.g., salt)
3) organic (e.g., coal)

54
Q

What are metamorphic rocks originally? What is the term for the original material?

A
  • Either igneous or sedimentary

- Protolith (original material)

55
Q

Under what conditions do metamorphic rocks form?

A

High pressure and temperature but below melting

56
Q

Where do metamorphic rocks form?

A

form at depth in Earth’s crust

57
Q

How do metamorphic rocks become exposed?

A

Through uplift and erosion

G108 (23 decks)

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