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Neuro Dis > MWF 10 > Flashcards

MWF 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Cognition is the ability to…

A

Acquire and Process knowledge

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2
Q

What is Vigilance?

A

one’s awareness of their five senses, but no need to process them
lowest level of cognitive functioning

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3
Q

What is Sustained Attention?

A

ability to focus for long periods of time with no distracting stimulus around

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4
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

focusing on a specific task for some time while simultaneously ignoring distractions and irrelevant information

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5
Q

What is Alternating Attention?

A

the ability to switch between tasks; to stop one task, do another, and return to initial task

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6
Q

What is Divided Attention?

A

focusing on multiple tasks at once; tasks have to be easy
most FRAGILE type of attention

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7
Q

Doing two different language tasks simultaneously is what kind of attention?

A

Alternating Attention

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8
Q

What is Working Memory?

A

the ability to hold a finite amount of info for immediate processing and manipulating that would be lost within a few seconds if not somehow reinforced

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9
Q

What is Declarative Memory?

A

the ability to remember facts, right or wrong answers
ex: remembering colors, names of objects

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10
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

the ability to recall specific, recent events; such as a vacation, child being born, etc

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11
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

the memory of sequences of actions used to complete tasks;
ex: how to… brush teeth, drive, dress

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12
Q

What is Prospective Memory?

A

the memory that involves remembering to perform/recall a planned action/intention at a future time

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13
Q

Which domain of memory needs to be assessed extra carefully?

A

Prospective Memory

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14
Q

What is Orientation?

A

a person’s knowledge of themself and of their place in space and time; who, where, and when they are

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15
Q

What is Executive Function?

A

high-level cognitive systems that employ and manage other lower-level cognitive functions

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16
Q

What are the functions in Executive Functioning?

A

attention, memory, planning, problem solving, initiating, and organizational behaviors

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17
Q

Where is the Executive Functioning located?

A

housed within prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes

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18
Q

What is the definition of Speech?

A

the set of sounds produced by the vocal tract for the purpose of spoken language

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19
Q

What is the definition of Language?

A

the use of a set of symbols used to communicate meaning; can be used visually, verbally, or manually

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20
Q

What is Semantics?

A

the study of meaning and abilities related to word meanings

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21
Q

What is Morphosyntax?

A

abilities related to extending and combining words

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22
Q

What are Pragmatics?

A

abilities related to language use in social contexts

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23
Q

What are Paralinguistic Cues?

A

non-linguistic info that augments a speaker’s message; may include tone, speech rate, facial expression

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24
Q

What are Metalinguistic/Metacognitive Skills?

A

the ability to reflect on one’s language and cognitive skills

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25
Q

What is the definition of Motor Speech Disorder?

A

a motor impairment that adversely affects speech production and intelligibility
can involve motor planning or execution

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26
Q

What is Dysarthria?

A

the brain sends message and cannot produce sound due to motor execution problem

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27
Q

What is Dysphagia?

A

difficulty in swallowing

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28
Q

What is the definition of Normal Cognitive Decline?

A

age-related cognitive changes affecting domains such as memory, word recall, and processing speed

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29
Q

What is Dementia?

A

chronic, persistent impairment of mental faculties, most conspicuously (but not exclusively) memory

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30
Q

True or False: It is difficult to identify the difference between Normal Cognitive Decline and Dementia?

A

True; both have similar effects

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31
Q

What is Primary Progressive Aphasia?

A

Progressive loss of language faculties in the absence of a dementia diagnosis

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32
Q

True or False: In those with Primary Progressive Aphasia, the cognition factor in Executive Functioning is damaged

A

False; Executive Functioning maintains intact in terms of cognition though they are UNABLE TO VERBALIZE it

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33
Q

True or False: In those with Primary Progressive Aphasia, language ability is suddenly affected

A

False, language ability is affected over time

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34
Q

Directional Terms: Rostral vs. Caudal

A

Rostral is towards the beak
Caudal is towards the tail

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35
Q

Directional Terms; Ventral vs. Dorsal

A

Ventral is towards the belly
Dorsal is towards the back

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36
Q

Directional Terms: Dextrad vs. Sinistrad

A

Dextrad is to the right
Sinistrad is to the left

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37
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Separates the body into left and right halves

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38
Q

Coronal Plane

A

“Crown”; separates body into front and back halves

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39
Q

Transverse Plane

A

separates the body into top and bottom halves

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40
Q

The Cranium - Coup

A

when the brain hits the inner front of skull due to accident

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41
Q

The Cranium - Contrecoup

A

when coup occurs, brain rebounds to back and causes more injury

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42
Q

True or False: Damage can occur to rising intracranial pressure causing swelling of the brain and its structures

A

True

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43
Q

Which cranial bones are unpaired?

A

Frontal Bone, Occipital Bone, Sphenoid Bone, and Ethmoid Bone

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44
Q

Which cranial bones are paired?

A

Parietal Bone and Temporal Bone

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45
Q

Damage to which cranial bone will damage the olfactory nerve?

A

Ethmoid Bone

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46
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Membrane
Pia Mater

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47
Q

What is the function of Cerebrospinal Fluid?

A

Cushion and support the brain; support metabolic functions

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48
Q

What is the definition of a Fissure?

A

a deep divide between sections of brain tissue

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49
Q

What is the definition of the Cortex?

A

the top layer of brain tissue; unusual configuration and is gray and rind-like

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50
Q

What is the function of the Primary Visual Cortex?

A

it receives visual information from the contralateral visual field

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51
Q

What is the function of the Visual Association Area?

A

it contributes to complex visual analysis

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52
Q

What are the three prominent gyri in the Temporal Lobe?

A

The superior, middle, and inferior gyri

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53
Q

What is the function of the Primary Auditory Cortex?

A

detects information from both ears

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54
Q

What is the function of the Auditory Association Cortex?

A

processes auditory information

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55
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s Area?

A

important in comprehension of spoken word and verbal memory

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56
Q

Where is Wernicke’s Area located?

A

located in posterior superior portion of the superior temporal gyrus

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57
Q

True or False: Wernicke’s Area is functional in both hemispheres

A

Functional in dominant hemisphere only

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58
Q

What is the function of the Postcentral Gyrus?

A

receives sensory information from contralateral body and face

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59
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex called?

A

Postcentral Gyrus

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60
Q

What is the Angular Gyrus associated with functionally?

A

associated with reading, writing, and calculation ( with Supermarginal Gyrus); word recall

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61
Q

What three Gyrus are in the Parietal Lobe?

A
  1. Postcentral Gyrus
  2. Angular Gyrus
  3. Supermarginal Gyrus
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62
Q

What is the function of the Supramarginal Gyrus?

A

works with Wernicke’s area in processing syntax, semantics, and phonological components of speech

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63
Q

What is the name of the primary motor cortex?

A

The Precentral Gyrus

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64
Q

True or False: The Precentral Gyrus is organized topographically for contralateral movement

A

True

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65
Q

Which cortical motor areas does the Precentral Gyrus receive input from?

A

the Thalamus, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and other cortical motor areas

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66
Q

What is the function of Precentral Gyrus?

A

it is involved in the initiation of motor movement

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67
Q

What are the four Frontal Association Areas?

A
  1. Premotor Cortex
  2. Supplementary Motor Area
  3. Broca’s Area
  4. Prefrontal Cortex
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68
Q

What is the function of the Premotor Cortex?

A

planned skilled motor movements for the hands, fingers, and speech

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69
Q

What is the function of the Supplementary Motor Area?

A

plays a role in preparing and executing sequential voluntary movements, as well as speech

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70
Q

What is the function of Broca’s Area?

A

planned motor speech movement

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71
Q

Where is Broca’s Area located?

A

unilateral, found in dominant hemisphere only
lies in lower portion of premotor cortex

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72
Q

What is the function of the Prefrontal Cortex?

A

contributes to cognitive function and personality

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73
Q

What is the name of the big pocket of gray matter that is tucked into the brain?

A

the Insula

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74
Q

Where is the Insula located?

A

lies in the perisylvian part of brain

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75
Q

What is the function of the Insula?

A

important in language processing and function

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76
Q

Where is the Opercula?

A

the zones superficial to the Insula consisting of gray matter

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77
Q

What is the function of the Opercula?

A

language function

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78
Q

What happens if the Corpus Callosum is damaged?

A

a person will be unable to do common tasks, like walking and ability to touch an object and understand what it is

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79
Q

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

A

Important in Interhemisphere Communciation

80
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

important for smooth and efficient movement and speech motor functioning and learning

81
Q

What is the function of the Basal Ganglia?

A

motor function, cognition, and emotion

82
Q

What is the role of the Amygdala?

A

the formation of emotional memories

83
Q

What is the function of the Limbic System?

A

handling emotional aspects of behavior and motivation

84
Q

What happens if the Limbic System is damaged?

A

the person will function using more emotional drive

85
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

important for forming memories

86
Q

What system is the Hippocampus a part of?

A

the Limbic System

87
Q

What three structures are present in the Brainstem?

A

The midbrain, pons, and medulla

88
Q

What is the site of pyramidal decussation?

A

the Medulla

89
Q

What is the definition of Decussation?

A

where fibers cross for sensory information

90
Q

What is the Synaptic Cleft?

A

the space between dendritic spine and the axon button

91
Q

What are the Association Fibers?

A

carries information within a hemisphere from one lobe to another

92
Q

What kind of fiber is the Arculate Fasciculus?

A

an Association Fiber

93
Q

What are the Commisural Fibers?

A

any place in the body where two paired structures meet; carries information between the hemispheres

94
Q

What kind of fiber is the Corpus Callosum?

A

a Commisural Fiber

95
Q

What are the Projection Fibers?

A

fibers that carry sensory and motor information to and from cortex

96
Q

What does SAME stand for?

A

Sensory - Afferent
Motor - Efferent

97
Q

What is Cranial Nerve One and its function?

A

Olfactory Nerve
smell and taste

98
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Five and its function?

A

Trigeminal Nerve
Jaw strength and control
articulation

99
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Seven and its function?

A

Facial Nerve
Facial muscles and taste and salivation

100
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Eight and its function?

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Balance and hearing

101
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Nine and its function?

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve
resonance and pharyngeal stage of swallowing

102
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Ten and its function?

A

Vagus Nerve
Velum and larynx
Reason for hyponasality in voice

103
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Eleven and its function?

A

Accessory Nerve
Effects on posture and swallowing
Secondary effects on communication

104
Q

What is Cranial Nerve Twelve and its function?

A

Hypoglossal Nerve
Tongue movement for speech and swallowing

105
Q

What happens if blood flow to the brain ceases for 4-6 min?

A

Irreversible brain damage

106
Q

What happens if blood flow to the brain ceases for 5-8 seconds?

A

Loss of consciousness

107
Q

Where do the right and left cerebral artery come together and what is this structure called?

A

at the base of the skull; called the Basilar Artery

108
Q

What is the structure where blood flows through the neck and is a pathway for much of the bloodflow to the body

A

the Common Carotid Artery

109
Q

What is the function of the Anterior Cerebral Artery?

A

pathway of bloodflow from front of brain to Parietal-Occipital junction

110
Q

What is the pathway for blood to travel to the right supplementary motor area?

A

Heart - Aorta - Branciosyphallic - Right common carotid - right internal carotid - right middle cerebral artery

111
Q

What two arteries are present in the Vertebrobasilar system?

A
  1. Vertebral Artery
  2. Basilar Artery
112
Q

How does blood get to the occipital lobe?

A

Heart - Aorta - Branchiosyphallic (if right) - Subclavian Artery (back of brain) - Vertebral Artery - Basilar Artery - Posterior Cerebral Artery

113
Q

What structure can help blood navigate to the brain if there is a blockage in the chosen pathway?

A

the Circle of Willis

114
Q

Which artery supplies the MEDIAL surface of the frontal lobe and parietal lobe of the brain?

A

the Anterior Cerebral Artery

115
Q

Which artery supplies the LATERAL surface of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and the temporal lobe?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

116
Q

Which artery supplies the Occipital Lobe?

A

the Posterior Cerebral Artery

117
Q

What is a Thrombus Blockage?

A

refers to a blockage on a wall of a blood vessel

118
Q

What is an Embolus Blockage?

A

a traveling blood clot going through arteries with the potential to cause a blockage of blood flow

119
Q

What is an Atheroma Blockage?

A

degeneration of the walls of the arteries caused by accumulated fatty deposits and scar tissue, and leading to restriction of the circulation and a risk of thrombosis.

120
Q

What are the two types of bleeds/hemorrages?

A
  1. Aneurysm
  2. Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)
121
Q

What is an Aneurysm?

A

a weak spot in the wall of an artery; progressive growth that ruptures and spills blood
Dr’s often caution those with high blood pressure of this possibility

122
Q

What is an Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM)?

A

an abnormal tangle of blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, which disrupts normal blood flow and oxygen circulation, causing blood to leak and cause a stroke

123
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

tissue damage as a result of oxygen deprivation

124
Q

What is a Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)?

A

a “mini-stroke”; short term effects of a stroke that don’t cause irreparable damage

125
Q

What is an Infarct?

A

an area where tissue has been deprived of oxygen long enough to become dead tissue

126
Q

What is a Cerebrovascular Accident?

A

a stroke, vascular tissues oxygen supply has been disrupted therefore causing lasting effects

127
Q

What are the types of Strokes?

A
  1. Ischemic/Occlusive
  2. Hemorragic
128
Q

What are Ischemic/Occlusive strokes?

A

where there is prevention of normal blood flow therefore blocking the artery

129
Q

What are the two types of Ischemic/Occlusive stroke?

A
  1. Thrombolic
  2. Embolic
130
Q

What is a Thrombolic Stroke?

A

a stroke caused by a blockage on a wall of a blood vessel

131
Q

What is an Embolic Stroke?

A

a stroke caused by a traveling blood clot that caused a blockage of blood flow

132
Q

What are the two types of Aneurysm-caused Strokes?

A
  1. Intracerebral - within the brain
  2. Subarachnoid - within the meninges
133
Q

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

A

irregular heart rhythm, blood sitting in atria ends up clotting

134
Q

What does the acronym FAST describe?

A

Stroke Symptoms:
Face - asymmetrical drooping
Arms - cant lift both arms above shoulders
Speech - slurred
Time - how long from onset of symptoms

135
Q

In order for the best outcome for the stroke patient, within how long of onset does the patient have to be administered drugs for best results?

A

Needs to be administered drugs within three hours of onset of stroke symptoms

136
Q

What are the two types of TBI?

A
  1. Epidural Hematoma
  2. Subdural Hematoma
137
Q

What is a Epidural Hematoma?

A

bleeding that occurs between the dura mater and cranium; especially dangerous in early stages

138
Q

What is a Subdural Hematoma?

A

bleeding that occurs between the skull and the brain; more progressive

139
Q

Describe the nature of Infection-causing brain injuries

A

the damage is more focal, in one particular spot of the brain

140
Q

What is Encephalitis?

A

inflammation/infection in the head
if blood-brain barrier is breached, this is hard to fix

141
Q

What is Creutz Feldt-Jakob Disease?

A

a rapidly progressive, invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder believed to be caused by an abnormal isoform of a cellular glycoprotein known as the prion protein

142
Q

What are the three main causes of an Acquired Brain Injury?

A
  1. Infections
  2. Neoplasms
  3. Seizure Disorders
143
Q

True or False: Poorly managed HIV, Syphillus, and Herpes can cause Acquired BI

A

True

144
Q

What are some risk factors for Stroke?

A

Over 65 years old
Previous TIA or CVA
High Blood Pressure
Diabetes
High Cholesterol
Heart Disease
Carotid Artery Disease
CABBAGE (surgery)
Atrial Fibrillation

145
Q

What does Ictus mean?

A

a period of primary symptoms

146
Q

True or False: Seizures alone can damage the brain

A

True

147
Q

True or False: SLP’s do NOT play a big role in Discharge Planning of Acute Care patients

A

False! They assess cognition and play big role

148
Q

What are the two types of structural neuroimaging?

A

CT and MRI

149
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

“Computed Tymography”; images of slices of the brain, uses radiation

150
Q

What is an MRI scan?

A

“Magnetic Resonance Imaging”; no use of radiation, measures spin properties of hydrogen molecules in brain tissue, allows for higher resolution in imaging

151
Q

What are the two types of functional neuroimaging?

A

PET scan and fMRI’s

152
Q

Which type of neuroimaging is used more often in research environments?

A

Functional Neuroimaging

153
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

“Positron Emission Therapy”; inject radioactive glucose-like substance into blood stream to follow path as it decays

154
Q

What is an fMRI?

A

“Functional MRI”; can see blood flow to brain

155
Q

What is the most common Aphasia diagnosis and the most optimistic?

A

Broca’s Aphasia

156
Q

True or False: Broca’s Aphasia has the greatest degree of progress is generally seen in 1st year post-stroke

A

True

157
Q

What is Perseveration?

A

When a patient is stuck on a subject or sound intrusively

158
Q

What is Paraphasia?

A
159
Q

What are Literal Paraphasias?

A

most common; at least half of the word being said is correct; also Phonemic/Phonological

160
Q

What are Neologistic Paraphasias?

A

where 2/3 of the word being said is incorrect; words with no meaning such as “berkaboo”; HALLMARK FEATURE OF WERNICKES aphasia

161
Q

What are Verbal Paraphasias?

A

where patient says the right genre of the word, but wrong kind;
ex: Give me a plum! No, I meant peach!

162
Q

What are Anomias?

A

refers to word retrieval deficits and is common across Aphasia types

163
Q

How can Anomia be assessed?

A

can be assessed through confrontation or repetition tasks

164
Q

What is Agnosia?

A

a neurological disorder that results in an inability to recognize objects (such as an apple or a key), persons, smells, or sounds despite normally functioning senses (such as visual or auditory). These deficits are not due to memory loss.

165
Q

What is Apraxia?

A

person has trouble with motor planning of speech, knowing where to place the sound

166
Q

What are the characteristics of Apraxia?

A

Impaired initiation, Effortful speech, Inconsistent error patterns, and Visible groping

167
Q

What is Hemiplegia?

A

where one side has paralysis

168
Q

What is Hemiparesis?

A

where one side has weakness

169
Q

What is Logorrhea?

A

Flow of words; word dumping

170
Q

What are some characteristics of Agrammatism?

A

Limited prosody
Possible dysarthria, usually mild
Facial hemiparesis
Limb hemiparesis/hemiplegia
Limb apraxia
Hyposthesia

171
Q

What are some limits of comprehension in Broca’s Aphasia?

A

-Comprehension is relatively intact, as compared to Wernickes Aphasia
-Comprehension is impaired for complex tasks, especially involving grammatically complex utterances
-Patients are generally aware of their production errors

172
Q

Reading/Writing deficits in Broca’s Aphasia

A

Since reading/writing is built off spoken language, reading intact though varies case by case

173
Q

Other symbol system deficits in Broca’s Aphasia

A

issues with reading symbols like traffic signs, numbers, music notes

174
Q

What is Lability?

A

emotional regulation; considered a fragile skill; hard for patient’s with sudden onset Aphasia

175
Q

What is Expressive Aphasia?

A

Aphasia with deficits mainly concerning expressive aphasia, more common form of aphasia

176
Q

What are more names for Broca’s Aphasia (4) ?

A
  • Expressive Aphasia
  • Agrammatical Aphasia
  • Motor Aphasia
  • Efferent Motor Aphasia
177
Q

What are the main characteristics of Broca’s Aphasia?

A
  • Empty space
  • Effortful
  • Limited prosody
  • Content-dense
  • Keen awareness
178
Q

What are the main characteristics of Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A
  • Abundance of Words
  • Easy
  • Normal Melodic Line
  • Largely empty
  • Low awareness
179
Q

What is Paragrammatism?

A

pseudogrammar; sounds like correct grammar but is not

180
Q

What are the most common type of paraphasias in Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Neologistic errors

181
Q

What is Anosognosia?

A

the patient is unaware of their own deficits; does not know there is a problem with their communication

182
Q

True or False: In Broca’s Aphasia and Wernicke’s Aphasia, both have issues with symbolic representation?

A

True

183
Q

What are some other names for Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A
  • Receptive Aphasia
  • Sensory Aphasia
  • Semantic Aphasia
  • Jargon Aphasia
184
Q

True or False: In both Broca’s Aphasia and Wernicke’s Aphasia, both have impaired repetition?

A

True

185
Q

What are some characteristics of Conduction Aphasia?

A

a Fluent aphasia where the person has:
+ intact auditory comprehension
+ intact fluent spontaneous speech
- frequent literal and verbal paraphasias
- Conduite d’approche
- Disproportionately impaired repetition
- Reading/Writing Impairment
- Anomia

186
Q

What is the distinct characteristic of Conduction Aphasia?

A

Disproportionately impaired repetition where person cannot repeat back what clinician says in sequence

187
Q

What is Circumlocution?

A

when a person with aphasia talks around a subject to get to a certain word

188
Q

What are some characteristics of Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?

A

a fluent aphasia where the person has:
+ intact prosody
+ preserved repetition
- impaired comprehension
- frequent paraphasias
- circumlocution
- anosognosia
- writing impairment
-reading impairment**
- anomia**
-echolalia

189
Q

What is specific about the reading impairment in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?

A

the reading impairment is not an impairment of literacy but literacy comprehension

190
Q

What is specific about the Anomia in Transcortical Sensory Aphasia?

A

the person typically says answers off the top of their head and will not identify if they have even said the right one; GUESSING

191
Q

What are some characteristics of Transcortical Motor Aphasia?

A

a nonfluent aphasia where the person has:
+ intact auditory comprehension
+ preserved repetition
+ reading comprehension
- reduced utterance length
- reduced syntactic complexity
- imprecise productions
- possible deficits for grammatically complexity
- writing comprehension
- often preceded by mutism

192
Q

Why is Transcortical Motor Aphasia often preceded by mutism?

A

A cause of this is often a lesion present affecting the supplementary motor area

193
Q

What are some characteristics of Mixed Transcortical Aphasia?

A

a nonfluent aphasia where the person has:
~ multifocal or diffuse damage
+ preserved repetition
- pronounced anomia
- poor comprehension
- sparse output
- frequent echolalia
- possible association with hypoxia

194
Q

What type of aphasia has some possible association with hypoxia?

A

Mixed Transcortical Aphasia

195
Q

What are some characteristics of Global Aphasia?

A

a nonfluent aphasia where the person has:
All aspects of language severely impaired and persistent across all modalities therefore being very difficult to treat
More specifically:
- Comprehension is only intact for questions with immediate relevance
- Limited verbal expression
- Nonverbal problem solving impaired

196
Q

What are some characteristics of Anomic Aphasia?

A

A nonfluent aphasia where the site of lesion is variable, most likely near temporoparietal junction
Characteristics include:
+ Fluent speech
+ Intact prosody
+ Intact articulation
+ Intact syntax
+ Intact repetition
- Word finding
- Circumlocutions
- Verbal paraphasias
~ Possible reading/writing issues

197
Q

What are some characteristics of Subcortical Aphasia?

A

A type of Aphasia that is controversial and associated with lesions of the thalamus or basal ganglia where presentation is variable and symptoms may be transient

Neuro Dis (8 decks)

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