CP 5 Flashcards
What are Baselines?
the rate of behavior in the absence of treatment
Baselines help the clinician…
- Determine the percentages of a client’s correct production of a target behavior
- Determine a percentage of the time the client sustains the target behavior.
What are the two reasons for establishing baselines BEFORE treatment?
- Baselines give a reliable and valid measure of the client’s behavior prior to treatment
- Baselines make it possible to evaluate client improvement, treatment effectiveness or both.
What are the 4 steps to obtaining baselines?
STEP 1
Specify the target behaviors
STEP 2
Prepare the stimulus
STEP 3
Prepare the recording sheet
STEP 4
Administer the baseline trial
What are 6 stimuli that can be used to evoke a response?
- Pictures or objects
- Modeling
- Asking Questions
- Sentence Completion
- Open Ended Questions
- Topic Cards
What are the steps involved in administering an EVOKED baseline trial?
- PLACE the stimulus in front of the client or demonstrate the action or event with objects.
- ASK the predetermined question
- WAIT a few seconds for the client to respond
- RECORD the response on the recording sheet
- PULL the picture toward you or remove it from the client’s view
- WAIT 2/3 seconds to mark the end of trial
- RETURN to Step One to initiate the next trial
What are the steps involved in administering a MODELED baseline trial?
- PLACE the stimulus picture in from of the client or demonstrate the action or event with objects
- ASK the predetermined question
- Immediately, MODEL the correct response (“Johnny, say…”)
- WAIT a few seconds for the client to respond
- RECORD the response on the recording sheet
- PULL the picture toward you and remove it from the client’s view
- WAIT 2 or 3 seconds to mark the end of the trial
- RETURN to step 1 to initiate the next trial
True or False: When taking baseline data, correct responses should be reinforced
False; correct responses should NOT be reinforced in BASELINE data
True or False: Baseline data is calculated through a percentage % of correct responses
True!
True or False: Therapy is similar to taking baseline data EXCEPT you do not provide feedback during therapy
False; you do provide feedback in therapy
What are the steps to a typical therapy trial?
- PLACE the stimulus item in front of the client or demonstrate the action or event
- ASK the predetermined question
- Immediately MODEL the correct response
- WAIT a few seconds for the client to respond
- If the client’s response is correct, REINFORCE it immediately by verbal praise and any other potential reinforcer
- If the client’s response is incorrect, immediately GIVE corrective feedback
- RECORD the response on the recording sheet
- REMOVE the stimulus item
- WAIT a few seconds to mark the end of the trial.
- RETURN to step 1 to initiate the next trial
True or False: If the client responds CORRECTLY, we want to immediately provide positive reinforcement (verbal praise, high fives, candy, stickers…)
True
True or False: If the client responds INCORRECTLY, we want to immediately provide corrective feedback letting the client know what they did was incorrect and how to fix it
True
What is a Target Behavior?
The target behavior is what we are trying to teach the client
Example: production of /s/ in the initial position of words
What is a Target Response?
We teach individual target responses that make up the target behavior
Several target responses must be learned before a target behavior is fully mastered
Example: soup, soap, sun, sail
What is a Probe?
a procedure used to assess the generalized production of a trained target behavior and are used to determine if the target behavior has been tentatively learned
What is the main difference between a probe and a baseline?
A baseline is administered BEFORE treatment
A probe is administered AFTER behaviors are trained at certain level
How are Baselines and Probes similar?
you should not provide reinforcement with either, only general encouraging comments
What is the Probe Criteria?
90% or better on probe words (new untrained words)
What if the client does not meet the 90% probe criteria?
Client needs additional therapy and clinician should probe again until 90% is achieved
What do you do when you meet the probe rate of 90%?
- Start training the next target behavior
- Start training the same target behavior but at a higher level of complexity
What is the Sequence of Therapy from beginning to end?
- Determine target behaviors that you plan to focus on in therapy
- Take baseline data on those target behaviors
- Immediately begin therapy
- Provide therapy until the client has met the training criteria of 90% or better
- Probe to determine if client has generalized the target behavior
- If the client meets the 90% probe criteria, then you can move onto the next target behavior
- If the client does not meet the 90% probe criteria, then continue doing therapy and probe again, continue with therapy and probing until the client reaches 90% on the probe
- Target behavior can be dismissed when the client produces the target in the natural setting in everyday conversation
What are 4 rules for providing instruction?
- Use simple and clear language
- Don’t talk down to the client
- Practice: Write out the instructions, practice with a friend
- Repeat if necessary, using new words
What is the definition of Demonstration?
When an action or a skill is exhibited without the requirement that the observer immediately repeat it
What is the difference between Modeling and Imitation?
Modeling is the procedure
Imitation is the response
What is Imitative Response?
Responses that take the same form as their modeled stimuli
Ex: Clinician says “Car” - Client says “Car”
True or False:
Clinician says “Sun”; Client says “Thun”
This is an example of Imitative Response
False! Needs to be exact fluent word as stated by clinician
Imitative responses are judged by two criteria…
- Whether it has the same form as the modeled stimulus
- Whether it follows the stimulus immediately
What to do if the client cannot imitate correctly
If the client cannot imitate the response correctly, then the response needs to be shaped
Modeling is typically used in three situations…
- The need for modeling is typically greatest in the beginning stages of therapy
- Modeling is used whenever the client responds incorrectly to evoked procedures (using questions, pictures, objects…)
- Modeling may be needed every time treatment is shifted to a new phase or level
Two ways to discontinue modeling…
- Withdraw modeling: The clinician simply stops modeling as soon as the criteria for imitative responses has been met
- Fading the modeled stimulus: The clinician progressively reduces the length of the modeled utterance
What is Shaping?
the technique designed to teach new behaviors in small, sequenced steps
What are the six steps to shaping a response?
Step 1: Determine the terminal response (decide what you want the final response to be)
Step 2: Determine the initial response (this is where you begin therapy)
Step 3: Determine the intermediate responses (these are a sequence of gradually more complex steps)
Step 4: Model at each level
Step 5: Use manual guidance (hand over hand) when necessary
Step 6: Reinforce correct responses
What is Fading?
a technique in which the special stimuli that were used (physical stimuli, modeling, shaping…) are reduce in gradual steps
