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PSYC 212 > Music and speech > Flashcards

Music and speech Flashcards

1
Q

Define phoneme

A

Basic comeponts of speech
Unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a particular language - like kiss vs kill

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2
Q

To get around infusing difference between sound and spelling

A

Use International Phonetic Alphabet

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3
Q

How many speech sounds used

A

5000 languages spoken today
Over 850 diff speech sounds used - phonemes

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4
Q

Name parts of speech production

A

Respiration
Phonation
Articulation

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5
Q

Describe respiration

A

Diaphragm pushes air out of lungs through trachea up to larynx

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6
Q

Describe phonation

A

Prices through which vocal folds are made to vibrate when air pushes our of lungs - produces sound at certain freq

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7
Q

At larynx

A

Air must pass through 2 vocal folds (cords)
Get tones, no phonemes

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8
Q

More tension at larynx

A

Causes more high pitched sounds

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9
Q

Small vocal folds

A

Higher pitched sound s
Children < women < men

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10
Q

Spectrum of sound passing through vocal fold

A

Spectrum of sound passing through vcoal folds is harmonic spectrum
All of frequencies composing sound = are of multiple integer ratios of fundamental frequency

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11
Q

define articulation

A

Act or manner of producing a speech sound using vocal tract

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12
Q

Vocal tract

A

Area above larynx
= oral and nasal tract

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13
Q

How do humans articulate

A

Change shape of vocal tract by manipulating jaw,lips,tongue, body, tip and soft palate
= articulation produces phonemes
Resonance characteristics created by changing size and shape of vcoal tracts to affect sound freq distribution

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14
Q

Describe what articulation doe s

A

Imposes filter on sound produced= amplify or reduce frequencies by changing shape of vocal tract

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15
Q

Peaks of speech spectrum

A

Called formants

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16
Q

Describe formants

A

Labelled from lowest to highest freq - f1,2,3
Define phonemes
Formants have higher frequencies for people who have shorter vocal tracts, relationship between formants that counts

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17
Q

How many formants to identify phoneme

A

1st 3 formants sufficient to identify phoneme

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18
Q

Describe spectrogram

A

Spectrum of speech changing over time
Speak = aligns several phonemees after northern
Spectrograms = represent 3d - time
= time, freqneycne,energy (amplitude)
Use to get spectral characteristics out of sentence

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19
Q

What is coarticulation

A

Complicates things
Reduce effects of coarticulation = read lipids and reduce possible phonemes of hearing

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20
Q

Speech production time

A

Very fast - 10-15 consonants and vowels per second - can be doubled if talk fast
Phonemes/sec
Experienced talker= will position tongue, in anticipiaroon of next consonant or vowel = causing coarticualtion

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21
Q

What’s does coarticulation do

A

Overlap in articulatory or speech patterns - produce overlap in speech sounds
If objectively look at formants = very diff
Recall - di vs du

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22
Q

Motor theory of speech production

A

Motor processes used to produce speech and sounds are used in reverse to understand acoustic speech signal = know where to move mouth and to use so can see in other people

23
Q

What supports motor theory of speech production

A

McGurk effect
= showed that what someone sees can affect what they hear
Shows = use knowledge of how someone makes sound to perceive phonemes

24
Q

Describe learning to listen - ex about babies

A

Speech production is very complex, maybe even more complex than speech production - so reduce number of phonetic categories - throughout dev
Sound distinctions specific to various languages
Infants filter our irrelevant acoustics before they say speech sounds
Tuned to phonemes prevalent in our languages, reduce phoenemns - better helps narrow down - categorical perpception

25
Wernickes area - aphasia ex
Lesion = cannot understand words, words do not make sense Primary auditory cortex, belt and parabelt Regiosn then send to wernickes area Left hemisphere
26
Brocas aphasia
Cannot control words - makes no sense Primary motor cortex - Broca’s area, left hemisphere Controls speech production
27
Describe music
Prevalent as speech Regulate infant mood,s bring ppl together Tonal structure - temporal/rhymtic structure
28
Describe tone height
Sound quality corresponding to level fo pitch Monotonically related to freq , high Freq - high pitched
29
Describe tone chroma
Sound quality shared by tones that have same octave interval Each note on musically musical scale has diff chroma, more to musical pitch than just frequency, quality of sounds that sound as if they have same note
30
Describe musical pitch helix
Put tone height and chroma together= Distance between 2 adjacent sounds have same chroma,every corresponding point on helix has same chroma
31
Define octave
Interval between 2 sound frequencies having ratio of 2:1 Sound very Far apart in pitch can be perceived as being close if have same chroma
32
Describe ex of octave
– Example: Middle C (C4) has a fundamental frequency of 261.6 Hz; notes that are one octave from middle C are 130.8 Hz (C3) and 523.2 Hz (C5). – C3 (130.8 Hz) sounds more similar to C4 (261.6 Hz) than to E3 (164.8 Hz) Bc same chroma - same note on diff octaves
33
Describe western music
Has 13 notes separated by 12 equally spaced pitch intervals - semitones 10 octaves within audible range, Pian has 7 octaves Music =combining notes
34
Consonance
When 2 or more notes played simultaneously - chord or sequentially = combo exhibits consonance = sounds pleasant = when fundamental freq of 2 notes have simple ratios = 3:2, 4:3 Many harmonics of the 2 sounds will coincide
35
Dissonance
Combo of sounds unpleasant or off When fundamental freqs of 2 notes have complex ratios - very few harmonics will coincide
36
Is consonance innate
Yes or learned rapidly 2 Month old babies
37
Describe scales
Particular subset of notes in an octave Defined. By particular sequence of semitones Major and minor scales - differentiated by patterns o f intervals - number of semitones between successive notes For major = 2-2-1-2-2-2-1 for minor = 2-1-2-2-1-2-2 Type of scale given by sequence Minor = sad, major =happy,sounds good together
38
Describe keys
Scale that function as a basis of musical composition for ex = composition in key c major contains notes from mostly c major scale - diff notes of keys sound good together
39
Describe root note of key
The tonic - acts like gravity point of key Moving away from and back to tonic resting portion of key is partly what makes music so investing and has build up effect - creates tension and Builds up and wait till end, resolute fo it feels good
40
What is most important part of music
Melody = sequence of notes or chords perceived as a single coherent structure
41
What are melodies defined by
Contours - pattern of rises and declines Rather than eat act rises and declines in pitch
42
Does melody change if octave or key changes
Melodie’s can change octaves or keys and still be same melody even if diff notes
43
Where is music processed
Contour = like reorganizing face Mostly perceived in right auditory cortex Also left parable and belt regions If changing pitch = activates belt and parabelt regions on right side
44
Describe congenital amusia - tests a
Standardized testes - amusics impaired at detecting pitch deviations - that are smaller than 2 semitones Can’t report out of key tones, cannot process tone internvaks - cannot extract meldody - contour Ireverssile - has low degres of disappearance
45
Describe congenital amusia - eran
Early right anterior negativity - negative event related potential - erp Occurs 200nm after detection of melodic tonal violation
46
Describe congenital amusia - p600
Positive event related potential erp That occurs 600 ms - the detection of melodic tonal violation Reflects conscious perception of tonal violation
47
What do amusics have - eran and p600
Have eran but no p600 = suggests they lack conscious access to processes pitch deviates - in Tune but I activate -rest if brain unaware of it of keynote
48
Describe abnormalities in congenital amusia brain
Amusics brain exhibits structural anomalies in right frontotemporal Network involving inferior frontal gurus and sup ytemproal gyrus with disrupted transmission of info between these 2 core regions in left superior temporal gyrus
49
What is absolute pitch
Rare ability where sme ppl can very accurate name or produce notes without comparing to other nots *bnabies
50
Is absolute pitch genetic
Concordance rate for aboluyte pitch = higher in mnonocygtic wins vis dizygotic twins - sp absolute pitch is heritable Suggest genetic component contributes to absolute pit
51
Is early musical training needed
Shows that early musical training needed to develop ap <9y/o
52
Phonetic perception
Based on formants present in sound we hear
53
How is chroma measured
Similarity judgements
54
Describe congenital amusia - define
Umbrella term for lifelong medical disabilities that canno be attributed to disability,lack of exposure or Bain dmdages Can be acquired if Brian damage

PSYC 212 (18 decks)

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