Musculoskeletal System and Nervous System Flashcards
Types of tissues
epithelium
muscle tissue
nervous tissue
connective tissue
what is the epithelium
anything that lines a surface or lines cavities
forms outer layer of the skin
4 layers
what are the four layers of the epithelium
simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudostratified
what are muscle cells (fibers)
specialized contractile cells organized into tissues that move body parts or alter shape of internal organs
what do muscles do
give form to body and provide heat
what are the types of muscle
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
what is skeletal muscle
striated
long
multinucleated
voluntary
what is cardiac muscle
branching
interrelated discs
fused at plasma membrane
found in heart –> forms most walls of heart
also known as myocardium
involuntary
what is smooth muscle
long
single nucleated
spindle shaped
found in hollow organs –> walls of digestive tract
found in the skin (makes hair stand up)
involuntary
what is the skeletal muscle consisted of
muscle fibers –> structural units of a muscle
endomysium
perimysium
epimysium
what is the endomysium
connective tissue covering individual muscle fiber (inner most layer)
what is the perimysium
connective tissue covering group of fibers (fascicles) (middle layer)
what is the epimysium
connective tissue covering the entire muscle (deep fascia) (outer layer)
what are the functions of the skeletal muscle
agonist
fixators
synergist
antagonist
what is the agonist muscle
it is the prime mover
main muscle responsible for movement
what is the fixator muscles
steady, proximal parts of the limb while movement occurs in distal part
what is the synergist muscle
complements action of prime mover
what is the antagonist muscle
opposes action of prime mover
Ex: tricep is antagonist to flexion of bicep
what are the shapes of skeletal muscles
pennate
fusiform
parallel
convergent
circular
digastric
what is the pennate shape of the skeletal muscle
feather-shaped
can be bi-penate
ex: rectus femoris
what shape is the fusiform skeletal muscle
wider towards middle
narrow at ends
ex: biceps brachii
what is the parallel shape of skeletal muscle
all muscle fibers parallel to each other
what is the convergent shape of skeletal muscle
fan shaped
wider at one end but fibers converge at the other end
ex: pectoralis major
what is the circular shape of the skeletal muscle
used to close and open
ex: eyes and mouth
what is the digastric shape of the skeletal muscle
has two bellies connected by a tendon
what are the four parts of connective tissue
fibrous connective tissue
cartilage
blood cells
bones
what is fibrous connective tissue
has 2 fiber types (collagen and elastic)
consists of loose fibrous connective tissue and dense fibrous connective tissue
what is loose fibrous connective tissue
has more cells and fewer fibers
ex: adipose
what is dense fibrous connective tissue
has more closely packed fibers
can be regular (tendons or ligaments) or irregular (fascia)
what are the parts of connective cartilage
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
what is hyaline cartilage
smooth, glossy, bluish
articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage
what is the fibrocartilage
white
contains many collagen fibers
what is the elastic cartilage
yellowish
found in external ear
what is bone
bone is a type of connective tissue
provides protection, support, mechanical basis of movement, storage for salts, continuous supply of blood cells
main supporting tissue of the body
what is the axial skeleton
head, neck, trunk
what is the appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs
what is compact bone
provides strength for weight bearing
what is spongy bone
where you find bone marrow
if bone was all compact, the muscles would not be able to move the heavy bones
parts of the long bone
periosteum
articular cartilage
diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
periosteum
connective tissue covering bone
very sensitive
where pain comes from
articular cartilage
found on the ends of the bone
made up of hyaline
diaphysis
shaft
epiphysis
very ends of the bone
metaphysis
transition b/w diaphysis and epiphysis
classifications of bones
long bone: humerus
short bone: carpal
flat bone: sternum
irregular bone: vertebra
sesamoid bone: patella
vascular and innervation of bones
-nutrient arteries: provide nutrients to bone tissue
-periosteal arteries: supplies periosteum
-metaphyseal and epiphysial arteries: supplies shaft and ends
-nerves: located on periosteum –> periosteal and vasomotor
nerves of the bones
-periosteal nerves
-vasomotor nerves
periosteal nerves
innervate the bones
gives pain, pressure and temperature
vasomotor nerves
innervate the bones
control blood flow going through bones
what are joints (articulations)
-union or junction: b/w two or more bones
-no movement: epiphyseal plates of growing long bone b/w diaphysis and epiphysis
-slight movement: teeth within their sockets
-freely moveable: shoulder joints
what are the types of joints
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints
what are fibrous joints
syndesmosis: sheet of fiber jointing two bones together
-found in sutures of cranium, in b/w ulnar and radius bone, in b/w tibia and fibula (interosseous membrane)
gomphosis: dentialveolar syndesmosis
-fibrous joint where root of tooth fits into socket in the bone of the jaw
what are cartilaginous joints
-articulating structures are united by either hyaline or fibrocartilage
-primary cartilaginous joint and secondary cartilaginous joint
primary cartilaginous joint
-synchondrosis
-bones are united by hyaline cartilage
-usually temporary
-epiphyseal plate, joint b/w first rib and sternum
secondary cartilaginous joint
-symphysis
-strong, slightly moveable, provide shock absorption
-bones united by fibrocartilage
- ex: intervertebral discs
what are synovial joints
-most common joint
-provides free movement
what are the structural aspects of the synovial joint
-joint capsule
-articular cartilage
-synovial fluid
-inside the capsule
-outside of the capsule
-accessory ligaments
-special features
joint capsule of the synovial joint
-articular capsule
-unites the bones
-encloses articular joint cavity
-outer fibrous later
-synovial membrane: inner layer of the joint capsule
what is the synovial fluid
-secretes by synovial membrane
-acts as lubricant for the joint
where do you find articular cartilage in the synovial joint?
on the ends of each bone within the capsule
what is in the inside of the capsule of a synovial joint
-articular cartilage: covers articulating surfaces of the bones
what is on the outside of the capsule of a synovial joint
periosteum: blends with the fibrous layer of the joint capsule
what do the accessory ligaments do for the synovial joint
-reinforce the joint
-can be extrinsic ( separate) or intrinsic (thickening of a portion of the joint capsule)
what are some special features of the synovial joint
fibrocartilaginous articular discs or menisci allows rounded edge of femur to fit better with tibia when articulating bones are incongruous
what are the different types of synovial joints
-hinge
-pivot
-saddle
-condyloid
-plane
-ball and socket
hinge joint
-uniaxial
-elbow permits flexion and extension
- medial/lateral axis
Ex: humerus and ulna, elbow joint
pivot joint
-uniaxial
-allows pronation/supination of arm
-b/w 1st and 2nd vertical vertebra
-vertical axis rotation
saddle joint
-biaxial
-occurs at 2 axis
-ex: located in thumb (frontal plane)
condyloid joint
-ellipsoid
-biaxial
-flexion and extension a little more free than abd/add
ex: metacarpal phalangeal joint
plane joint
-nonaxial
-tight
-limited joint movement
-numerous in the body
ex: facet joint in articular facets of vertebra
ball and socket joint
-multiaxial movement
-medial/lateral
-ant/post
-vertical axis
ex: shoulder joints
plane of movement
parallel to plane
ex: flex of arm us parallel to sagittal plane
vasculature and innervation of synovial joints
-articular arteries and veins (found mostly in synovial membrane)
-articular nerves (pain fibers are numerous in fibrous layer of joint capsule)
-transmit proprioception feeling of knowing where parts of your body are in relationship to other parts of the body
-synovial membrane is insensitive
what is the central nervous system (cns) composed of
brain
spinal cord
what is the role of the cns
carry out high mental functions like thinking, math, decision making
what are neurons
communicate through synapses
basic unit of nervous system
what is a nucleus
collection of nerve bodies
what is a tract
a bundle of axons (nerve fibers) connecting different parts of CNS
what is the white matter
tracts
what is grey matter
collection of cell bodies
what is the peripheral nervous system (pns)
outside of CNS
what is the pns compsed of
somatic nervous system (SNS-voluntary ex: skeletal muscle)
autonomic nervous system (PNS- involuntary)
how many cranial nerves are there and where are they located
PNS
12 pairs
how many spinal nerves are there and where are they located
8 pairs cervical spinal nerves
12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves
1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves
where are the cervical spinal nerves located
8 pairs
First pairs come out from above C1
nerves are number by the cervical vertebra they come out above of
C8 comes out from below C7
where are the thoracic spinal nerves
12 pairs of thoracic spinal nerves
come out from below the vertebrae they are named after
where are the lumbar spinal nerves
5 pairs
come out from below the vertebrae they are named after
where are the sacral spinal nerves located
5 pairs
named after the segment they come out below of
where is the coccygeal spinal nerve located
from below the coccyx
ganglion
a collection of nerve cell bodies in PNS
same as a nucleus for the CNS
structure of peripheral nerves
schwann cells and 3 layers of connective tissue (endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium)
what are schwann cells
produce sheaths that surround individual axons (nerve fibers)
-large diameter fibers –> myelinated
-small diameter fibers –> unmyelinated but still supported by schwann cells
what are the three layers of connective tissue in the peripheral nerves
endoneurium –> around a single axon
perineurium –> around bundles of axons (fascicles), small blood vessels found
epineurium–> surrounds all fascicles, small blood vessels found
Acronym for cranial nerves
Oh Oh Oh, To Touch and Feel Very Good Velvet, Such Heaven
CN 1
olfactory –> sense of smell
CN 2
optic nerve –> ability to see
CN 3
oculomotor –> controls the muscles of the eye
CN 4
trochlear –> controls the muscles of the eye
CN 5
trigeminal –> 3 parts (ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) and motor functions of mastication)
CN 6
abducent –> controls extra ocular muscles
CN 7
facial –> all the muscles of facial expression, provides sensory info for the nasal cavity, partial sense of taste
CN 8
vestibulocochlear –> hearing and balance
CN 9
glossopharyngeal –> controls salivary glands in the cheek, muscles of the pharynx, provides posterior part of the tongue with taste
CN 10
vagus –> hep innervate portions of the viscera
CN 11
spinal accessory –> motor nerve for SCM and trapezius
CN 12
hypoglossal –> controls all the muscles in the tongue
structure of the spinal nerve
roots of spinal nerves –> one way (dorsal root and ventral root)
spinal nerve
rami of spinal nerves (dorsal ramus and ventral ramus)
what is the dorsal root
root of the spinal nerve
one way street
carries only afferent (sensory) fibers to CNS
attached to dorsal root ganglion (contains cells bodies of afferent neurons)
what are ventral root spinal nerves
carries only efferent (motor) fibers to the periphery
nucleus for ventral nerve cell bodies found in spinal cord
what is the spinal nerve
formed by union of dorsal and ventral roots
two way street which means both sensory and motor running through
dorsal (posterior) ramus
2 way street
only carries info to the deep muscles of the back, vertebral column and the skin that covers these muscles
ventral (anterior) ramus
2 way street
only carries info to the front and the upper and lower limbs
what is the general somatic efferent
sensory info foes to the skeletal muscle
nerve fibers travel from CNS (cell body located in ventral horn) through the ventral root, to spinal nerve, to dorsal or ventral ramus
what is the motor unit of the GSE
axon and the muscle cells it innervates
what is a large motor unit
one axon innervates 100-1000s of muscle cells (for power) ex: gluteus maximus
small motor unit
one axon innervates 3-5 fibers (for fine control)
ex: muscles in the eyes
general visceral (organ) afferents (GVA)
enters CNS by passing through sympathetic ganglion and short, centrally part of ventral ramus, then goes through SN to dorsal root
what does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) consist of
general visceral efferents
always has 2 neurons
(sympathetic and parasympathetic division)
what is the sympathetic nervous system
-1st neuron only exist in T1-L2
-1st neuron is short and the second is long
-cell bodies must be located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord
process of the SNS
-1st neuron leaves through ventral root (motor)
-enters spinal nerve
-runs to ventral ramus for short distance
-travels through white ramus communicans to reach the sympathetic ganglion to synapse with cell body of 2nd neuron
-2nd neuron leaves through grey ramus communicans back to ventral ramus to reach the effector cell
what are sympathetic ganglia
contains cell bodies of 2nd neuron
=to paravertebral ganglia
connected by a sympathetic truck
what are prevertebral ganglia
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric ganglia
what are paravertebral ganglia
connect prevertebral ganglia through splanchnic nerves
what is the parasympathetic division
-rest and digest
-mainly exists in cranial and sacral nerves
do not extend to extremities
come from 2 places (cranial and sacral)
-1st neuron is long and the 2nd is short
what nerves in the parasympathetic NS come from the cranial place
CN 3, CN5, CN9, CN10
what nerves come from the sacral part of the parasympathetic division
S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnic nerves)
where is the ganglia located in the parasympathetic division of the ANS
wall of the organs
what are the effector organs of the ANS
smooth muscle (heart, lungs, digestive organs etc.)
glands
either divisions carry out different sets of actions on these effector organs
